“…Offline data refers to the inventory, cost, and logistics information in e-commerce enterprises. (Wang, Feifei, & Li, Jing, 2012) 3.1.2 Data Preprocessing E-commerce enterprise's data is large size and high dimensional (Ying Ho, Yuho Chung, & Kinnam Lau, 2010, June) based on the big data. The raw data collected from each of the data sources probably exist missing values, repeat, incomplete, etc, which requires data preprocessing.…”