Research and development of new products in the smart textile field is growing rapidly because of versatile application areas. There is an extensive focus on the integration of electronics into textiles. However, if different fields are merged, as here, the sustainability and recycling issues might descend into even more complex systems. The paper reviews current research and development conducted on the end-of-life solutions for electronic textiles (e-textiles). Chosen papers had to be peer-reviewed, written in English, and address the end-of-life issue for electronic-based smart textiles. The search resulted in 18 publications, which indicates a low amount of research but also the serious lack of legislation and actual solutions emerged in this multidisciplinary field. Three main themes were found: smart textile services, eco-design strategy and educating guidelines. Authors suggest taking urgent actions by preventive steps in combining current electronics and textile waste management systems into one standard for e-textiles.
TEXTILE INTEGRATED ELECTRONICS IN ECO-DESIGN CONTEXTVan Langenhove and Hertleer (2004) state "smart textiles are fabrics or apparel products that contain technologies, which sense and react to the conditions of the environment they are exposed to, thus allowing the wearer to experience increased functionality". The conditions or stimuli can be electrical, mechanical, thermal, chemical, or a combination of these. The main research in the smart textile field is indefinitely focused on improving the integration level, from moving from garment level to fibre level (Schneegass & Amft, 2017). For example, Katashev et al. (2019) replaced conventional EIT (electrical impedance tomography) electrodes with knitted textiles electrodes where conductive parts are on fibre level. Electronic textiles (e-textiles) are a subcategory of smart textiles that are based on electronics and conductive textiles, e.g. silver-coated fabrics or yarns, conductive inks and/or conductive polymers (Stoppa & Chiolerio, 2014). The E-textiles system includes the traditional electronic components, for example, printed circuit boards (PCB) and non-textile sensors that include ceramics in addition to metals and plastics.In e-textile products, the level of integration has a remarkable influence on the materials' recyclability and the end-of-life solutions of the product. As a result, e-textiles require specified end-of-life treatment methods and standardized waste processing. It is vital to tackle the topic early to avoid mistakes made in textile waste management. End of product lifetime or EOL (End-of-Life) of the product is the point when it is not usable anymore or just not needed by the user anymore. Thus, it should be reused, recycled, remanufactured or