Unexpected “gas” casualties in Moscow: A medical toxicology perspective

Wax, Paul M.; Becker, Charles E.; Curry, Steven C.

doi:10.1067/mem.2003.148

Cited by 136 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…They are excellent anaesthetics and anticonvulsants with massive effect to be head and shoulders above morphine. On the other hand aerosolized fentanyl derivative carfentanyl has been used as antiterrorist means by intervention of Russian special forces in Moscow theatre Dubrovka on October 2002 [11,12]. Theoretical studies, in recent years, afforded a better understanding of the structure-activity relationships of fentanyl analogs and allowed insight into the molecular mechanism of the interaction of drugs with their receptors [13].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Extraction of selected incapacitating agents by bis-1,2-dicarbollylcobaltate anion from water into chloroform

2006

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Extraction of selected incapacitating agents by bis-1,2-dicarbollylcobaltate anion from water into chloroform

2006

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“…No biological, chemical or radiological weapons were used in any of the attacks. However, a chemical agent was used in a rescue attempt by Russian authorities as part of a Moscow theatre siege [10].…”

Section: Nature Of the Attacksmentioning

confidence: 99%

The epidemiology of international terrorism involving fatal outcomes in developed countries (1994–2003)

Wilson

Thomson

2005

Eur J Epidemiol

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We aimed to describe the public health burden and epidemiology of international terrorism (i.e. involving foreign nationals) with fatal outcomes in developed countries. Data was abstracted from a United States Department of State database for 21 'established market economy' countries and 18 'former socialist economies of Europe' for 1994-2003. To put the findings in a wider context, comparisons were made with WHO data on all homicides for each country. A total of 32 international terrorist attacks causing fatalities were identified over the 10-year period. These resulted in 3299 deaths, giving a crude annual mortality rate of 0.3 per million population. The mortality burden attributable to international terrorism in these countries was 208 times less than that attributable to other homicide. Even for the country with the highest mortality burden from international terrorism (the United States), this ratio was 60. There was no statistically significant trend in the number of attacks over time, but the attack severity (in terms of deaths per attack) was higher in the latter part of the 10-year period. A number of limitations with this data set were identified. If a more rigorous definition of 'international terrorism' was used, then this would substantially reduce the total number of such attacks defined in this way. In conclusion, there is a need for better quality data and improved classification systems for describing international terrorism. Nevertheless, the available data indicates that the mortality burden from international terrorism in developed countries is small compared to that from other homicide.

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“…As evidenced by the tragic deaths in the Russian military's attempt to incapacitate Chechen rebels in a Moscow theater, 101 opioid analgesics can be delivered quite effectively by aerosol. This may be a particularly attractive route outside the hospital setting, where intravenous access may be problematic in terms of both availability and the necessary skill set to administer intravenous drugs sterilely and safely.…”

Section: Aerosolized Analgesics Opioidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerosolized Surfactants, Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, and Analgesics

Willson

2015

Respir Care

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Drug delivery by aerosol may have several advantages over other modes, particularly if the lung is the target organ. Aerosol delivery may allow achievement of higher concentrations while minimizing systemic effects and offers convenience, rapid onset of action, and avoidance of the needles and sterile technique necessary with intravenous drug administration. Aerosol delivery may change the pharmacokinetics of many drugs, however, and an awareness of the caveats of aerosolized drug delivery is mandatory to ensure both safety and adequate drug delivery. This paper discusses the administration of surfactants, anti-inflammatory agents, and analgesics by the aerosol route.

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Unexpected “gas” casualties in Moscow: A medical toxicology perspective

Cited by 136 publications

References 18 publications

Extraction of selected incapacitating agents by bis-1,2-dicarbollylcobaltate anion from water into chloroform

Extraction of selected incapacitating agents by bis-1,2-dicarbollylcobaltate anion from water into chloroform

The epidemiology of international terrorism involving fatal outcomes in developed countries (1994–2003)

Aerosolized Surfactants, Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, and Analgesics

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