Unexpected Early Triassic marine ecosystem and the rise of the Modern evolutionary fauna

Brayard, Arnaud; Krumenacker, L. J.; Botting, Joseph P.; Jenks, James F.; Bylund, Kevin G.; Fara, Emmanuel; Vennin, Emmanuelle; Olivier, Nicolas; Goudemand, Nicolas; Saucède, Thomas; Charbonnier, Sylvain; Romano, Carlo; Doguzhaeva, Larisa A.; Thuy, Ben; Hautmann, Michael; Stephen, Daniel A.; Thomazo, Christophe; Escarguel, Gilles

doi:10.1126/sciadv.1602159

Cited by 112 publications

(100 citation statements)

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“…The sparse Spathian actinopterygians known thus far show more affinities with Middle Triassic taxa than with Griesbachian-Smithian ones (Sun et al, 2013;Tintori et al, 2014b). There is a need for more research on Spathian Osteichthyes, emphasizing the importance of the discovery of articulated osteichthyans in the Spathian of Nevada and Idaho (Brayard et al, 2017; this study).…”

Section: Spathian Osteichthyesmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In the aftermath of this catastrophic event, the surviving and newly evolved clades went through a series of subsequent crises during the Early Triassic, which selectively affected their recovery (e.g., Galfetti et al, 2007b;Orchard, 2007;Brayard et al, 2009Brayard et al, , 2011Brayard et al, , 2017Song et al, 2011;Hofmann et al, 2013a, b;Hochuli et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Marine Early Triassic Actinopterygii from Elko County (Nevada, USA): implications for the Smithian equatorial vertebrate eclipse

Romano¹,

Jenks²,

Jattiot³

et al. 2017

J. Paleontol.

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Abstract.-The Early Triassic vertebrate record from low paleolatitudes is spotty, which led to the notion of an 'equatorial vertebrate eclipse' during the Smithian. Here we present articulated ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii), collected from the marine Lower Triassic Thaynes Group at three new localities in Elko County (Nevada, USA), which were deposited within the equatorial zone. From the Smithian of the Winecup Ranch, we describe two partial skulls of the predatory actinopterygian Birgeria (Birgeriidae), attributed to B. americana new species and Birgeria sp. Birgeria americana n. sp. is distinguished from other species by a less reduced operculogular series. With an estimated total length of 1.72-1.85 m, it is among the largest birgeriids. We confirm that Birgeria encompasses species with either two or three rows of teeth on the maxilla and dentary, and suggest that species with three well-developed rows are restricted to the Early Triassic. From the latest Smithian of Palomino Ridge, we present a three-dimensional, partial skull of the longirostrine predator Saurichthys (Saurichthyidae). This and other occurrences indicate that saurichthyids were common in the western USA basin. From the early late Spathian of Crittenden Springs, we describe a posterior body portion (Actinopterygii indet.). This find is important given the paucity of Spathian osteichthyan sites. We provide a summary of Early Triassic vertebrate occurrences in the United States, concluding that vertebrate fossils remain largely unstudied. The presence of predatory vertebrates in subequatorial latitudes during the Smithian confirms that Early Triassic trophic chains were not shortened and contradicts the 'equatorial vertebrate eclipse'.

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Section: Spathian Osteichthyesmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine Early Triassic Actinopterygii from Elko County (Nevada, USA): implications for the Smithian equatorial vertebrate eclipse

Romano¹,

Jenks²,

Jattiot³

et al. 2017

J. Paleontol.

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“…Further, reliable evidence for ostracod-grazing microbes is also absent from PTBMs. A high oxygen level for microbial blooms in PTBMs was inferred (Forel et al 2009(Forel et al , 2013a, despite the evidence for dysoxic (not fully oxygenated) conditions in PTBMs (Brennecka et al 2011;Liao et al 2017;Xiao et al 2018). Thus, we prefer to accept the idea of a temporally synchronous 'shallow-water refuge' in various facies rather than the microbialite-related 'refuge'.…”

Section: Earliest Triassic Ostracod Extinction and Associated Size Vamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many researchers have attempted to explore survival and recovery patterns by studying well-preserved fossil faunas of the extinction aftermath in the Early Triassic (e.g. Benton et al 2004Benton et al , 2013Twitchett et al 2004;Brayard et al 2010Brayard et al , 2017Song et al 2011;Hautmann et al 2015;Godbold et al 2017;Ji et al 2017;Zhang et al 2017). Ostracods have also attracted great research interest because of their wide habitat ranges and ecological significance (e.g .…”

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confidence: 99%

Diverse earliest Triassic ostracod fauna of the non-microbialite-bearing shallow marine carbonates of the Yangou section, South China

Qiu

Tian

et al. 2019

LET

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Since diverse ostracod faunas in the immediate aftermath of the latest Permian mass extinction are mainly found within Permian–Triassic boundary microbialites (PTBMs), the idea of an ostracod ‘microbial‐related refuge’ has been proposed. Here, we report a diversified earliest Triassic ostracod fauna from the Yangou section in South China, where no PTBMs were deposited, providing evidence inconsistent with this ‘microbial‐related refuge’ hypothesis. In addition, a significant ostracod extinction is recorded, corresponding with the earliest Triassic mass extinction (ETME). This ETME of ostracods is associated with size increases and a length/height ratio (L/H) decrease, indicating varied evolutionary patterns of shape and size of ostracods through the Permian–Triassic (P‐Tr) extinction events. Although the nature of these biotic changes is somewhat unclear, the temporally varied ‘refuge zone’ scenario provides us with a window to reconstruct the environmental dynamics of ecosystem changes during the P‐Tr transition.

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“…; Brayard et al . ). However, even the richest Early Triassic benthic faunas contain less than 50 species, which is still depauperate in comparison with highly diverse Late Triassic faunas that locally exceed 1000 species, as, for example in the Carnian Cassian Formation of the Dolomites (Wendt ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

New data from Oman indicate benthic high biomass productivity coupled with low taxonomic diversity in the aftermath of the Permian–Triassic Boundary mass extinction

Brosse

Bucher

Baud³

et al. 2019

LET

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A new Early Triassic marine fauna is described from an exotic block (olistolith) from the Ad Daffah conglomerate in eastern Oman (Batain), which provides new insights into the ecology and diversity during the early aftermath of the Permian–Triassic Boundary mass extinction. Based on conodont quantitative biochronology, we assign a middle Griesbachian age to the upper part of this boulder. It was derived from an offshore seamount and yielded both nektonic and benthic faunas, including conodonts, ammonoids, gastropods and crinoid ossicles in mass abundance. This demonstrates that despite the stratigraphically near extinction at the Permian–Triassic Boundary, Crinoidea produced enough biomass to form crinoidal limestone as early as middle Griesbachian time. Baudicrinus, previously placed in Dadocrinidae, is now placed in Holocrinidae; therefore, Dadocrinidae are absent in the Early Triassic, and Holocrinidae remains the most basal crown‐group articulates, originating during the middle Griesbachian in the Tethyan Realm. Abundant gastropods assigned to Naticopsis reached a shell size larger than 20 mm and provide another example against any generalized Lilliput effect during the Griesbachian. Whereas the benthic biomass was as high as to allow the resumption of small carbonate factories, the taxonomic diversity of the benthos remained low compared to post‐Early Triassic times. This slow benthic taxonomic recovery is here attributed to low competition within impoverished post‐extinction faunas.

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Unexpected Early Triassic marine ecosystem and the rise of the Modern evolutionary fauna

Abstract: A new marine fossil assemblage from the Early Triassic shows unexpected phyletic diversity and functional complexity.

Cited by 112 publications

References 100 publications

Marine Early Triassic Actinopterygii from Elko County (Nevada, USA): implications for the Smithian equatorial vertebrate eclipse

Marine Early Triassic Actinopterygii from Elko County (Nevada, USA): implications for the Smithian equatorial vertebrate eclipse

Diverse earliest Triassic ostracod fauna of the non-microbialite-bearing shallow marine carbonates of the Yangou section, South China

New data from Oman indicate benthic high biomass productivity coupled with low taxonomic diversity in the aftermath of the Permian–Triassic Boundary mass extinction

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