Unequal impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 on life expectancy across urban areas in Chile: a cross-sectional demographic study

Mena, Gonzalo E.; Aburto, José Manuel

doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059201

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In another study, cultural dimensions were related to COVID-19 measures only when socio-economic indicators were not considered but lost their significance when socio-economic variables were entered into the models [ 32 ]. As in our study, other authors suggest more outcome variables such as excess mortality as well as the impact on the economy and citizens’ freedom should be considered [ 33 , 34 , 35 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Measuring the Impact of Future Outbreaks? A Secondary Analysis of Routinely Available Data in Spain

Martín-Delgado

Mula²,

Manzanera³

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Background: As of 7 January 2022, it is estimated that 5.5 million people worldwide have died from COVID-19. Although the full impact of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) on healthcare systems worldwide is still unknown, we must consider the socio-economic impact. For instance, it has resulted in an 11% decrease in the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) in the European Union. We aim to provide valuable information for policymakers by analysing widely available epidemiological and socioeconomic indicators using Spanish data. Methods: Secondary analysis of routinely available data from various official data sources covering the period from 1 March 2020 to 31 March 2021. To measure the impact of COVID-19 in the population, a set of epidemiological and socioeconomic indicators were used. The interrelationships between these socioeconomic and epidemiological indicators were analysed using Pearson’s correlation. Their behaviour was grouped according to their greater capacity to measure the impact of the pandemic and was compared to identify those that are more appropriate to monitor future health crises (primary outcome) using multivariate analysis of canonical correlation for estimating the correlation between indicators using different units of analysis. Results: Data from different time points were analysed. The excess of mortality was negatively correlated with the number of new companies created during the pandemic. The increase in COVID-19 cases was associated with the rise of unemployed workers. Neither GDP nor per capita debt was related to any epidemiological indicators considered in the annual analysis. The canonical models of socioeconomic and epidemiological indicators of each of the time periods analysed were statistically significant (0.80–0.91 p < 0.05). Conclusions: In conclusion, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain, excess mortality, incidence, lethality, and unemployment constituted the best group of indicators to measure the impact of the pandemic. These indicators, widely available, could provide valuable information to policymakers and higher management in future outbreaks.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Measuring the Impact of Future Outbreaks? A Secondary Analysis of Routinely Available Data in Spain

Martín-Delgado

Mula²,

Manzanera³

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…For Chile, life expectancy decreased by 1.8 years for males and 1.3 among females in 2020, but poorer urban municipalities were the most affected. (25) In Brazil, life expectancy decreased in 2020 and the Amazonian and northern regions experienced the largest losses. Overburdened healthcare facilities, including insufficient hospital beds and disruption in primary care services are potential explanations for regional differences and continued life-expectancy losses in Brazil in 2021.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mexico’s surge of violence and COVID-19 drive life expectancy losses 2015–2021

Zazueta-Borboa,

Vázquez-Castillo,

Gargiulo

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background Life expectancy at birth in Mexico has stagnated since the early 2000s. As the COVID-19 pandemic hit, Mexico experienced sizable excess mortality, albeit with large regional variation. We aimed to assess the contribution of violence, COVID-19, and causes of death amenable to healthcare to life expectancy changes between 2015 and 2021 in Mexico. Methods We used administrative mortality data by causes of death, and adjusted population exposures from the National Population Council. We applied demographic decomposition methods to assess life expectancy changes at the subnational level, by year and sex. Findings Life expectancy between 2015 and 2019 declined from 71.8 to 71.1 years for males and stagnated at 77.6 years for females. Violence among young males accounted for 54.3% of life expectancy losses. Between 2019 and 2020, life expectancy decreased by 7.1 and 4.4 years for males and females, respectively. COVID-19 deaths accounted for 55.4% (males) and 57.7% (females). In 2021, male life expectancy stagnated at 64.1 years due to reductions in deaths due to amenable diseases but continued increasing for females by 0.44 years mainly due to reductions in COVID-19 deaths. Interpretation We document large variations in life expectancy losses across Mexican states, which are associated with preexistent high levels of violence, and socioeconomic disadvantages across geographical areas. Our results serve as a reminder that violence has negative health implications for both sexes and that COVID-19 affected more socially disadvantaged states.

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“…A study in Kolkata finds a correlation between COVID-19 hotspots and lack of access to water, sanitation and other infrastructure (Das et al, 2021). Studies across other geographical contexts have similarly found a correspondence between the social marginality of groups, and their limited capacity to engage in preventive behaviours like physical distancing and regular handwashing (see Nyashanu et al (2020) on South Africa and Mena and Aburto (2022) on Chile). In contrast, the relationship between urban density and COVID-19 contagion has been subject to substantial research and has generally found this correlation to be either moderate (Bhadra et al, 2021), or more attributable to other factors than density itself, such as the greater global connectivity of large metropolitan regions (see Angel and Blei, 2020).…”

Section: Pandemics Planning and Informality: A Brief Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 98%

Debates Paper: COVID-19 and urban informality: Exploring the implications of the pandemic for the politics of planning and inequality

2023

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The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted a major contradiction in contemporary urban planning. This is the relationship between the entrepreneurial modes of urban politics that shape contemporary planning practice and the interrelated dynamics of economic precarity and informalisation of low-income communities that exacerbate contagion, and therefore enable pandemic spread. Through a review of literature on the urban dimensions of COVID-19, and on the historical relationship between pandemics and urban planning, we develop a framework for analysing the debates that are emerging around planning approaches to addressing contemporary pandemic risk in low-income, informalised communities. We argue that post-pandemic debates about urban planning responses are likely to take shape around three discourses that have framed approaches to addressing informalised communities under entrepreneurial urbanism – a revanchist approach based on territorial stigmatisation of spaces of the poor, an incrementalist approach premised on addressing the most immediate drivers of contagion, and a reformist approach that seeks to address the structural conditions that have produced economic precarity and shelter informality. We further argue that any effort to assess the political outfall of the COVID-19 pandemic in a given context needs to take an inter-scalar approach, analysing how debates over informality take shape at the urban and national scales.

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Unequal impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 on life expectancy across urban areas in Chile: a cross-sectional demographic study

Cited by 10 publications

References 29 publications

Measuring the Impact of Future Outbreaks? A Secondary Analysis of Routinely Available Data in Spain

Measuring the Impact of Future Outbreaks? A Secondary Analysis of Routinely Available Data in Spain

Mexico’s surge of violence and COVID-19 drive life expectancy losses 2015–2021

Debates Paper: COVID-19 and urban informality: Exploring the implications of the pandemic for the politics of planning and inequality

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