“…There are many more nonjoint programs, but they train a smaller share of apprentices overall (U.S. Department of Labor, 2021). One of the most salient findings from my analysis was that joint programs have generally better outcomes, including the highest exit wages (Kuehn, 2019), higher enrollments, longer programs and higher completion rates, and lower attrition rates than nonjoint programs (Argyres & Moir, 2008;Bilginsoy, 2005Bilginsoy, , 2007Bilginsoy, , 2018Bradley & Herzenberg, 2002;Public Sector Consultants Inc., 2017). Joint programs have a well-established history of emphasizing quality and safety and successfully preparing apprentices for stable careers (Nehls, 2019).…”