Unemployment is associated with lower cortisol awakening and blunted dehydroepiandrosterone responses

Gallagher, Stephen; Sumner, Rachel C; Muldoon, Orla T.; Hannigan, Ailish

doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.03.011

Cited by 17 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…In this context, a better understanding of the neurobiology of stress, as well as stress resilience ( McEwen et al., 2015b , Russo et al., 2012 ), in human subjects is becoming increasingly relevant for individual and population health. Although some features of this field focus on chronic naturalistic stressors, such as unemployment ( Dettenborn et al., 2010 , Gallagher et al., 2016 ) or caring for a relative with dementia ( Clipp and George, 1993 , Kim and Schulz, 2008 ), valuable insights have also been derived from laboratory studies based on acute stress paradigms (c.f. Bali and Jaggi, 2015 ; for a review).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Trier Social Stress Test: Principles and practice

Allen

Kennedy

Dockray

et al. 2017

Neurobiology of Stress

324

218

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Researchers interested in the neurobiology of the acute stress response in humans require a valid and reliable acute stressor that can be used under experimental conditions. The Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) provides such a testing platform. It induces stress by requiring participants to make an interview-style presentation, followed by a surprise mental arithmetic test, in front of an interview panel who do not provide feedback or encouragement. In this review, we outline the methodology of the TSST, and discuss key findings under conditions of health and stress-related disorder. The TSST has unveiled differences in males and females, as well as different age groups, in their neurobiological response to acute stress. The TSST has also deepened our understanding of how genotype may moderate the cognitive neurobiology of acute stress, and exciting new inroads have been made in understanding epigenetic contributions to the biological regulation of the acute stress response using the TSST. A number of innovative adaptations have been developed which allow for the TSST to be used in group settings, with children, in combination with brain imaging, and with virtual committees. Future applications may incorporate the emerging links between the gut microbiome and the stress response. Future research should also maximise use of behavioural data generated by the TSST. Alternative acute stress paradigms may have utility over the TSST in certain situations, such as those that require repeat testing. Nonetheless, we expect that the TSST remains the gold standard for examining the cognitive neurobiology of acute stress in humans.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Trier Social Stress Test: Principles and practice

Allen

Kennedy

Dockray

et al. 2017

Neurobiology of Stress

324

218

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In fact, being employed is a source of financial security, provides people the opportunity to fulfil a social and family role, and is important for physical and mental health [ 3 , 4 ]. Unemployment means a change in social position, particularly in the family, and is usually perceived as a very stressful life event [ 5 , 6 , 7 ] with relevant consequences for health [ 8 , 9 ]. Precise and commonly shared definitions of employment and unemployment status are lacking and different studies addressed them differently: these include long-term vs. short-term unemployment, or temporary interruptions, and are referred to people of working age (but not student or in training) that are actively looking for work.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Related to Unemployment in Europe. A Cross-Sectional Study from the COURAGE Survey in Finland, Poland and Spain

Leonardi¹,

Guido²,

Quintas³

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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Background: Research addressing the impact of a large number of factors on unemployment is scarce. We aimed to comprehensively identify factors related to unemployment in a sample of persons aged 18–64 from Finland, Poland and Spain. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, factors from different areas were considered: socio-demographic indicators, health habits, chronic conditions, health state markers, vision and hearing indicators, and social networks and built environment scores. Results: Complete data were available for 5003 participants, mean age 48.1 (SD 11.5), 45.4% males. The most important factors connected to unemployment were health status indicators such as physical disability (OR = 2.944), self-rated health (OR = 2.629), inpatient care (OR = 1.980), and difficulties with getting to the toilet (OR = 2.040), while the most relevant factor related to employment were moderate alcohol consumption (OR = 0.732 for non-heavy drinkers; OR = 0.573 for infrequent heavy drinkers), and being married (OR = 0.734), or having been married (OR = 0.584). Other factors that played a significant role included presence of depression (OR = 1.384) and difficulties with near vision (OR = 1.584) and conversation hearing (OR = 1.597). Conclusions: Our results highlight the importance of selected factors related to unemployment, and suggest public health indications that could support concrete actions on modifiable factors, such as those aimed to promote physical activity and healthy behaviors, tackling depression or promoting education, in particular for the younger.

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“…However, only social support from significant others, and not from family and friends, was found to be associated with the CAR, which may help explain the null findings of the current study given that we examined total social support without taking into account the source of support. However, there have also been other studies among pregnant and non‐pregnant women alike that have found no association between social support and the CAR (Gallagher, Sumner, Muldoon, Creaven, & Hannigan, ; Simon et al, ). These results suggest that if associations exist between greater levels of perceived social support and lower perceived stress reactivity, these psychological effects may not always extend to biological changes in stress reactivity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

The influence of mindfulness and social support on stress reactivity during pregnancy

2019

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Exaggerated stress reactivity can lead to negative health outcomes, which can be especially harmful during important periods of development such as pregnancy. Therefore, studies are needed to examine potential protective factors associated with lower perceived stress reactivity and lower cortisol awakening response (CAR) during pregnancy. The current cross‐sectional study examined whether low‐income women (n = 152) with higher mindfulness (attentiveness and awareness of the present moment) and more perceived social support had lower levels of perceived stress reactivity and a lower CAR during pregnancy. Women completed self‐report measures of mindfulness (Mindful Attention Awareness Scale), social support (Medical Outcomes Study‐Social Support Scale), and perceived stress reactivity (Perceived Stress Reactivity Scale) during their first trimester of pregnancy and collected saliva using the passive drool procedure at home (at awakening and at 30 min after awakening). Results showed that women with greater mindfulness and greater perceived social support had significantly lower perceived stress reactivity, but not a lower CAR. These results provide preliminary support for mindfulness and social support as potential protective factors of perceived stress reactivity and have implications for experimental studies aimed at improving pregnant women's mindfulness and social support for reducing their stress reactivity and potentially improving health outcomes.

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Unemployment is associated with lower cortisol awakening and blunted dehydroepiandrosterone responses

Cited by 17 publications

References 55 publications

The Trier Social Stress Test: Principles and practice

The Trier Social Stress Test: Principles and practice

Factors Related to Unemployment in Europe. A Cross-Sectional Study from the COURAGE Survey in Finland, Poland and Spain

The influence of mindfulness and social support on stress reactivity during pregnancy

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