Unemployment and the real exchange rate in Latin America

Laws or Luck? Understanding Rising Formality in Brazil in the 2000s

“…Between 2000 and 2008, the mining industry added formal jobs at an annual rate of 8.1 percent, the manufacturing industry at an annual average rate of 5.2 percent and the agriculture and fishing sector at an annual rate of 3.6 percent. The experience of Brazil confirms the findings of Frenkel and Ros (2006), in their study of 17 Latin American countries during the period [1990][1991][1992][1993][1994][1995][1996][1997][1998][1999][2000][2001][2002], that there is a significant and positive relationship between the movements in the real exchange rate and the rate of unemployment. 1 9 9 1 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 7 2 0 0 8…”

Financial liberalization, private investment and portfolio choice: Financialization of real sectors in emerging markets

“…In addition, capital flows can have significantly negative effects on investment in tradable goods sectors through changing relative prices, which partly explain the decreasing business savings and employment contraction in these sectors (Frenkel and Ros, 2006). In addition, excess volatility in exchange rates raises inflation uncertainty and encourages financial investments by real sector firms (Felix, 1998;UNCTAD, 2006).…”

RMB Undervaluation and Appreciation

“…Following Frenkel and Ros (2006) and Thorbecke and Zhang (2009), we use RER and the foreign country's income to explain the effect of RER effect on bilateral export. To increase the sample size and reflect the current situation, we use monthly data.…”

“…In China, policymakers worry about the negative effects of RMB appreciation on export and employment, as simulated and proven by Frenkel and Ros (2006), Zhang and Fung (2006), and Thorbecke and Zhang (2009). In addition, policymakers do not have enough knowledge on how to appreciate RMB in the long run.…”