Unemployment and Health: A Meta-Analysis

Picchio, Matteo; Ubaldi, Michele

doi:10.2139/ssrn.4163310

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 172 publications

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“…A similar empirical pattern appeared when short-term unemployment (i.e., those who received less than the median amount of unemployment benefit) were excluded from the regressions. This result confirms a recent meta-analysis [51], which found that it is unemployment occurrence that matters for health, rather than the length of the unemployment spell. By re-running the analyses for the 2011 unemployed cohort on observational years preceding the unemployment experience (i.e., until 2010), we can gain some insights into the importance of health-related can only account for a portion of the health consequences demonstrated in this paper.…”

Section: Robustness Checkssupporting

confidence: 90%

Gendered health consequences of unemployment in Norway 2000–2017: a register-based study of hospital admissions, health-related benefit utilisation, and mortality

Heggebø

2022

BMC Public Health

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Background The existing literature indicates that unemployment leads to deteriorated mental and somatic health, poorer self-assessed health, and higher mortality. However, it is not clear whether and to what extent the health consequences of unemployment differ between men and women. According to social role theory, women can alternate between several roles (mother, wife, friend, etc.) that make it easier to deal with unemployment, whereas the worker role is more important for men, and unemployment could therefore be more harmful to them. Thus, gender differences in the health consequences of unemployment should decrease as society grows more gender equal. Accordingly, this study examines changes over time in the gendered health consequences of unemployment in Norway. Methods Linked Norwegian administrative register data, covering the period from 2000 to 2017, were analysed by means of linear probability models and logistic regression. Four health outcomes were investigated: hospitalisation, receiving sick pay, disability benefit utilisation, and the likelihood of mortality. Two statistical models were estimated: adjusted for (1) age, and (2) additional sociodemographic covariates. All analyses were run split by gender. Three different unemployment cohorts (2000, 2006, and 2011) that experienced similar economic conditions were followed longitudinally until 2017. Results The empirical findings show, first, that hospital admission is somewhat more common among unemployed males than among unemployed females. Second, receiving sick pay is much more common post-unemployment for men than for women. Third, excess mortality is higher among unemployed males than among unemployed females. Fourth, there is no gender component in disability benefit utilisation. There is a remarkable pattern of similarity when comparing the results for the three different unemployment cohorts (2000; 2006; 2011). Thus, the gendered health consequences of unemployment have hardly changed since the turn of the century. Conclusion This paper demonstrates that the health consequences of unemployment are serious, gendered, and enduring in Norway.

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Section: Robustness Checkssupporting

confidence: 90%

Gendered health consequences of unemployment in Norway 2000–2017: a register-based study of hospital admissions, health-related benefit utilisation, and mortality

Heggebø

2022

BMC Public Health

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“…Previous studies have shown that both local area unemployment and individual health are related to work exit in older workers [ 1 ]. A recent meta-analysis showed that individual-level employment only has a small, if any, effect on individual health [ 31 ]. Results from a Finnish individual-level panel data supports a selection model, whereby people in poor health move into unemployment, rather than the unemployment event causing poor health [ 32 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does it matter how we measure the health of older people in places for associations with labour market outcomes? A cross-sectional study

et al. 2022

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Background Inequalities between different areas in the United Kingdom (UK) according to health and employment outcomes are well-documented. Yet it is unclear which health indicator is most closely linked to labour market outcomes, and whether associations are restricted to the older population. Methods We used the Office for National Statistics (ONS) Longitudinal Study (LS) to analyse which measures of health-in-a-place were cross-sectionally associated with three employment outcomes in 2011: not being in paid work, working hours (part-time, full-time), and economic inactivity (unemployed, retired, sick/disabled, other). Seven health indicators from local-authority census and vital records data were chosen to represent the older working age population (self-rated health 50-74y, long-term illness 50-74y, Age-specific mortality rate 50-74y, avoidable mortality, life expectancy at birth and 65 years, disability-free life expectancy at 50 years, and healthy life expectancy at 50 years). An additional two health indicators (life expectancy at birth and infant mortality rate) were included as test indicators to determine if associations were limited to the health of older people in a place. These nine health indicators were then linked with the LS sample aged 16-74y with data on employment outcomes and pertinent demographic and individual health information. Interactions by gender and age category (16-49y vs. 50-74y) were also tested. Findings For all health-in-a-place measures, LS members aged 16–74 who resided in the tertile of local authorities with the ‘unhealthiest’ older population, had higher odds of not being in paid work, including all four types of economic inactivity. The strongest associations were seen for the health-in-a-place measures that were self-reported, long-term illness (Odds Ratio 1.60 [95% Confidence Intervals 1.52, 1.67]) and self-rated health (1.60 [1.52, 1.68]). Within each measure, associations were slightly stronger for men than women and for the 16-49y versus 50-74y LS sample. In models adjusted for individual self-rated health and gender and age category interactions, health-in-a-place gradients were apparent across all economic inactivity’s. However, these same gradients were only apparent for women in part-time work and men in full-time work. Conclusion Improving health of older populations may lead to wider economic benefits for all.

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“…Additionally, unemployment poses a significant risk to mental health as consistently demonstrated in several systematic reviews and meta analyses (e.g., Bartelink et al, 2020;Hollederer, 2019;Hult et al, 2020;Picchio & Ubaldi, 2022;Virgolino et al, 2022). Unemployed individuals are always more vulnerable to suicide and to suffering from anxiety and mood disorders, regardless of the economic context (Virgolino et al, 2022;WHO, 2022).…”

Section: Unemployment and Its Impact On Societymentioning

confidence: 98%

Integrative review on career interventions with unemployed people: Nature, outcomes, and recommendations

de Carvalho,

Taveira,

Silva

2023

Journal of Employment Couns

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The study of career development among unemployed people is vital for effective institutional responses. This integrative review based on Torraco's protocol fills a literature gap by synthesizing research on interventions for this population. Seven keywords, five databases, and six eligibility criteria were defined. Among 324 articles, 36 were reviewed. Findings highlight diverse counseling modalities, emphasizing group interventions and remote delivery. Tailored approaches, including length, frequency, and social‐emotional and career dimensions, are crucial. Practical recommendations emphasize comprehensive, psychological support, goal‐oriented counseling, and postintervention assistance. These insights underscore vocational psychology's importance in addressing unemployment, impacting government policies, career services, and psychologists.

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Unemployment and Health: A Meta-Analysis

Cited by 11 publications

References 172 publications

Gendered health consequences of unemployment in Norway 2000–2017: a register-based study of hospital admissions, health-related benefit utilisation, and mortality

Gendered health consequences of unemployment in Norway 2000–2017: a register-based study of hospital admissions, health-related benefit utilisation, and mortality

Does it matter how we measure the health of older people in places for associations with labour market outcomes? A cross-sectional study

Integrative review on career interventions with unemployed people: Nature, outcomes, and recommendations

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