A STUDY of mouflon (Ovis musimon) diseases was initiated in 1992 in order to ascertain the health status of the two populations of mouflon in Catalonia (north-east Spain) and to establish a disease surveillance programme. One population, of over 300 individuals, is located in northern Catalonia (National Hunting Reserve of Freser-Setcases, 42°20'N, 2'15'E). Mouflons are distributed in a 1200 hectare area located at an altitude of between 2000 and 2800 m, in a typical Pyrenean alpine habitat. The other population is in southern Catalonia (National Hunting Reserve of Ports Tortosa-Beseit, 40°45'N, 0°15'E) and is distributed in a 1000 hectare area located at an altitude of between 600 and 1300 m, in a typical Mediterranean mountain habitat. This population was established following the introduction of 12 animals (seven females and five males) in September 1971 (Ruiz-Olmo and Aguilar 1995). After 10 years, the population had grown to about 250 mouflons, but it began to decrease in 1982 for unknown reasons and only two mouflons were left by the end of 1996. In order to investigate the health of these populations, 10 mouflons (seven adult females, one adult male and two yearling males) were shot between 1992 and 1996 in the National Hunting Reserve of Freser-Setcases, and 25 were captured alive for translocation (18 adult females, five adult males and two yearling males). Twelve animals (seven adult females, four adult males and one yearling male) were shot in the National Hunting Reserve of Ports Tortosa-Beseit during the same period. Necropsy of the mouflons was performed immediately after death. A liver fluke was recovered from a number of the animals. Some