“…In addition, the NGI-ADP constitutive model was presented by Grimstad et al (2012). Although the recent finite element limit analysis is considered as a powerful technique to solve various stability problems in the geotechnical engineering field (e.g., Shiau and Al-Asadi 2020a, b, c, d;Keawsawasvong et al, 2022;Keawsawasvong and Ukritchon, 2017a, 2021Lai et al 2021a;Yodsomjai et al 2021b, c;Beygi et al 2020;Ukritchon and Keawsawasvong, 2017, 2019Tho et al 2014;Bhattacharya and Sahoo 2017;Bhattacharya 2016Bhattacharya , 2018, the displacement-based finite element analysis is also useful in solving the complex boundary conditions (e.g. Shiau and Yu 2000;Shiau and Smith 2006;Shiau et al 2006a;b, 2018;Shiau and Watson 2008;Halder and Manna 2020;Pirastehfar et al 2020;Chakraborty and Goswami, 2021;Chatterjee and Murali Krishna 2021;Keawsawasvong and Ukritchon, 2017b;Hamouma et al 2021;Huynh et al 2022a, b;Ukritchon et al 2017a, b).…”