Undiagnosed hypertension and associated factors among adults in ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background Hypertension is a major public health problem, resulting in 10 million deaths annually. Undiagnosed hypertension affects more people than ever before. It is more likely to be linked to severe hypertension, which can lead to stroke, cardiovascular disease, and ischemic heart disease. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension and its associated factors in Ethiopia. Methods Databases, such as Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, AJOL, and the Cochrane Library, were systematically searched to find potential studies published until December 2022. A Microsoft Excel spreadsheet was used to enter the extracted data. The pooled prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension and its associated factors was estimated using a random effect model. I2 statistics and the Cochrane Q-test were used to assess statistical heterogeneity across the studies. Begg’s and Egger’s tests were performed to identify possible publication bias. Results A total of ten articles with 5,782 study participants were included in this meta-analysis. In the random effects model, the pooled prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension was 18.26% (95% CI = 14.94–21.58). Being older (OR = 3.8, 95% CI = 2.56, 5.66), having a body mass index > 25 kg/m2 (OR = 2.71, 95% CI = 2.1, 3.53), having a family history of hypertension (OR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.47, 3.36), and having DM comorbidity (OR = 2.44, 95% CI = 1.38, 4.32) were significantly associated with undiagnosed hypertension. Conclusion In this meta-analysis, the pooled prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension was found to be high in Ethiopia. Being older, having a BMI > 25 kg/m2, having a family history of hypertension, and having DM comorbidity were found to be risk factors for undiagnosed hypertension.

Prevalence of Undiagnosed Hypertension and its Associated Factors in Ndera Sector, Gasabo District of Rwanda: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…Similar to our ndings, the Ethiopian systematic review and meta-analysis study showed that, the pooled prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension was to be high in Ethiopia. Being older, having a BMI greater than 25 kg/m 2 , having a family history of hypertension, and having DM comorbidity were found to be risk factors for undiagnosed hypertension (5). This suggests some shared risk factors and the importance of awareness in managing hypertension across these African populations.…”

“…Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is home to many low-and middle-income countries that have experience a shift in the burden of disease, from predominantly communicable diseases to NCDs, like hypertension. With an estimated prevalence of 5-50% (depending on the country), SSA has been experiencing an exponential rise in hypertension over the last few decades (5). A systematic review and meta-analysis revealed high prevalence of hypertension among older adults in Africa, even among rural populations, which made up 57% of overall prevalence (6).…”

“…Undiagnosed hypertension is de ned as those who have hypertension but have not been informed of their condition by health professionals despite being hypertensive (9). It is estimated that 46% of adults with hypertension are undiagnosed (5). Hypertension is known as a silent killer, with most people only developing symptoms when they already have permanent organ damage.…”

Undiagnosed hypertension and associated factors among adult population in central zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia 2020: A cross‐sectional study

“…23 Being older, overweight, and having a family history of hypertension is significantly associated with undiagnosed hypertension. 24 A study conducted in Mizan‐Aman Town, Bench Sheko Zone, Southwest Ethiopia revealed that older age, being male, low physical activity, low consumption of fruits and vegetables, and higher body mass index (BMI) were significantly associated with undiagnosed hypertension. 25 Those are drinking alcohol, diabetes mellitus, low socioeconomic status, poor knowledge, smoking, stress, physical inactivity, BMI > 25, older age, family history of hypertension, and chewing chat were significantly associated factors with undiagnosed hypertension.…”