Undescended testis: current theories of etiology

Barthold, Julia Spencer

doi:10.1097/mou.0b013e3283005869

Cited by 55 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(60 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Cryptorchidism is also associated with other conditions of male reproductive maldevelopment, including hypospadias and testis cancer. The causes of human cryptorchidism are not well understood, but roles for genetic polymorphisms and environmental chemical exposures are postulated [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insulin-Like 3 Exposure of the Fetal Rat Gubernaculum Modulates Expression of Genes Involved in Neural Pathways1

Johnson

Robbins

Wang

et al. 2010

Biology of Reproduction

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Insulin-like 3 (INSL3) signaling directs fetal gubernacular development and testis descent, but the actions of INSL3 in the gubernaculum are poorly understood. Using microarray gene expression profiling of fetal male rat gubernaculum explants exposed to 10 or 100 nM INSL3, significant changes in expression were identified for approximately 900 genes. Several of the genes showing the largest inductions regulate neuronal development or activity, including Pnoc (34-fold), Nptx2 (9-fold), Nfasc (4-fold), Gfra3 (3-fold), Unc5d (3-fold), and Crlf1 (3-fold). Bioinformatics analysis revealed BMP and WNT signaling pathways and several gene ontologies related to neurogenesis were altered by INSL3. Promoter response elements significantly enriched in the INSL3-regulated gene list included consensus sequences for MYB, REL, ATF2, and TEF transcription factors. Comparing in vivo gene expression profiles of male and female rat fetal gubernaculum showed expression of the Bmp, Wnt, and neurodevelopmental genes induced by INSL3 was higher in males. Using quantitative RT-PCR, the microarray data were confirmed, and the induction of Bmp3, Chrdl2, Crlf1, Nptx2, Pnoc, Wnt4, and Wnt5a mRNA levels were examined over a range of INSL3 concentrations (0.1-100 nM) in male and female gubernaculum. In both sexes, an increasing gene expression response was observed between 0.1 and 10 nM INSL3. These data suggest that INSL3 signaling in the fetal gubernaculum induces morphogenetic programs, including BMP and WNT signaling, and support other rodent data suggesting a role for these pathways in development of the gubernaculum.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insulin-Like 3 Exposure of the Fetal Rat Gubernaculum Modulates Expression of Genes Involved in Neural Pathways1

Johnson

Robbins

Wang

et al. 2010

Biology of Reproduction

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Modern series show that as many as 30% of all males born with gastroschisis may have UDT [6][7][8]. It has been proposed that descent of the testis is in part related to increased intraabdominal pressure [9]. Without higher pressures, the forces that encourage testicle migration are absent.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Management of cryptorchidism and gastroschisis

Hill

Durham

2011

Journal of Pediatric Surgery

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…At present, it is categorized into congenital and acquired forms [1,2]. The etiology of congenital UDT is multifactorial with hormonal, genetic, and environmental influences [3,4]. However, the pathogenesis of acquired UDT is less well-known.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%