Underweight, overweight and obesity among South African adolescents: results of the 2002 National Youth Risk Behaviour Survey

Reddy, Priscilla; Resnicow, Kenneth; James, Santhamma; Kambaran, Nilen S.; Omardien, Riyadh G.; Mbewu, Anthony

doi:10.1017/s1368980008002656

Cited by 82 publications

(143 citation statements)

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“…Students belonging to higher SES (private schools, higher assets) had significantly higher prevalence of OW/OB compared with those from public schools and with lower assets (2) . This pattern is similar to that observed in adolescents in Mexico (14,15) , India (16) and South Africa (18,19) .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

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Socio-economic status and urbanization are linked to snacks and obesity in adolescents in Botswana

Maruapula

Jackson

Holsten

et al. 2011

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To describe patterns of food consumption associated with overweight/ obesity (OW/OB) and their links to socio-economic status (SES) and urbanization. Design: A nationwide cross-sectional survey. Setting: Secondary schools in cities, towns and villages in Botswana, Africa. Subjects: A total of 746 adolescent schoolchildren. Results: OW/OB is associated with greater SES, city residence and a snack-food diet pattern. Students belonging to higher SES compared with those from a lower SES background reported significantly (P , 0?01) more daily servings of snack foods (1?55 v. 0?76) and fewer servings of traditional diet foods (0?99 v. 1?68) and also reported that they ate meals outside the home more often (90 % v. 72 %). Students in cities ate significantly (P , 0?01) more servings of snacks (1?69 v. 1?05 v. 0?51) and fewer servings of traditional foods (0?67 v. 1?52 v. 1?61) compared with those in urban and rural villages. The odds of OW/OB were increased 1?16-fold with a snack-food diet, a result that was diminished when controlled for SES. Conclusions: These data suggest that nutritional transition occurs at different rates across urbanization and SES levels in Botswana. In cities, increasing the availability of fruit while reducing access to or portion sizes of snack items is important. Emphasis on continued intake of traditional foods may also be helpful as rural areas undergo economic and infrastructural development. Keywords Snacks Traditional diet Food patterns Nutrition transitionThe worldwide obesity epidemic is evident in children belonging to economically developed countries, as well as in children belonging to countries undergoing such development. According to the International Obesity Taskforce, approximately 10 % of youth aged 5-17 years worldwide were overweight (OW) and 2-3 % were obese (OB) in the year 2000 (1) . In a nationwide sample of adolescent secondary-school students in Botswana, 16 % of adolescents were OW/OB, with three OW/OB adolescents for every underweight one (2) . In this sample, OW/OB prevalence was higher among adolescents having a higher socio-economic status (SES) and among those from cities than among those from rural villages. These data suggest that initial efforts to prevent further increase in the prevalence of OW/OB must consider environmental and behavioural factors associated with increasing SES and urbanization as economic development continues.The typical food intake patterns of adolescents in Botswana and whether these patterns have any relationship with OW/OB have not been published. In addition, the role that SES or urbanization plays in patterns of food consumption has not been examined in adolescents. It is critical to understand these behaviours as a first step towards designing interventions to prevent the expected further increases in OW/OB. Therefore, the purposes of the present study were:1. to characterize the patterns of food intake of adolescent schoolchildren and the relationship of these patterns with OW/OB; 2. to evaluate the associatio...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…On the basis of data from economically developing countries (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24) , we hypothesized that children from a…”

Section: Snacks Traditional Diet Food Patterns Nutrition Transitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socio-economic status and urbanization are linked to snacks and obesity in adolescents in Botswana

Maruapula

Jackson

Holsten

et al. 2011

Public Health Nutr.

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“…A recent systematic review (38) found that use of BMI-for-age with the Cole 2007 and IOTF 2000 method was a highly conservative approach to defining obesity, with generally much lower estimates of obesity prevalence when used in school-aged children than when national reference data and definitions based on BMI were used. Monasta et al (21,(39)(40)(41)(42)(43) . Recent South African prevalence studies have used anthropometric methods exclusively, the BMI-for-age NCHS/WHO growth reference 1977 data for underweight and the IOTF approach for overweight/obesity (8,30,43) .…”

Section: Main Findings and Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Monasta et al (21,(39)(40)(41)(42)(43) . Recent South African prevalence studies have used anthropometric methods exclusively, the BMI-for-age NCHS/WHO growth reference 1977 data for underweight and the IOTF approach for overweight/obesity (8,30,43) . These studies all used simple proxy measures for body composition and none has used the new Cole et al thinness definition (29) .…”

Section: Main Findings and Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body fatness or anthropometry for assessment of unhealthy weight status? Comparison between methods in South African children and adolescents

Craig

Reilly

Bland

2012

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: A variety of methods are available for defining undernutrition (thinness/ underweight/under-fat) and overnutrition (overweight/obesity/over-fat). The extent to which these definitions agree is unclear. The present cross-sectional study aimed to assess agreement between widely used methods of assessing nutritional status in children and adolescents, and to examine the benefit of body composition estimates. Design: The main objective of the cross-sectional study was to assess underweight, overweight and obesity using four methods: (i) BMI-for-age using WHO (2007) reference data; (ii) BMI-for-age using Cole et al. and International Obesity Taskforce cut-offs; (iii) weight-for-age using the National Centre for Health Statistics/WHO growth reference 1977; and (iv) body fat percentage estimated by bio-impedance (body fat reference curves for children of McCarthy et al., 2006). Comparisons were made between methods using weighted kappa analyses. Setting: Rural South Africa. Subjects: Individuals (n 1519) in three age groups (school grade 1, mean age 7 years; grade 5, mean age 11 years; grade 9, mean age 15 years). Results: In boys, prevalence of unhealthy weight status (both under-and overnutrition) was much higher at all ages with body fatness measures than with simple anthropometric proxies for body fatness; agreement between fatness and weight-based measures was fair or slight using Landis and Koch categories. In girls, prevalence of unhealthy weight status was also higher with body fatness than with proxies, although agreement between measures ranged from fair to substantial. Conclusions: Methods for defining under-and overnutrition should not be considered equivalent. Weight-based measures provide highly conservative estimates of unhealthy weight status, possibly more conservative in boys. Simple body composition measures may be more informative than anthropometry for nutritional surveillance of children and adolescents.

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“…In a life-stage characterised by significant growth and development and the associated changes in body composition, it is not surprising that adolescence is a focus of research relating to overweight and obesity. Reddy et al (1) report on data from a South African survey of 9224 adolescent schoolaged children and describe differences in the distribution of overweight and obesity by sex, racial heritage and socio-economic status. In a country in nutrition transition experiencing both forms of malnutrition, they conclude that ongoing surveillance of malnutrition mindful of gender, racial and socio-economic disparities is important.…”

Section: In This Issuementioning

confidence: 99%

In this issue

Hughes¹

2009

Public Health Nutr.

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Underweight, overweight and obesity among South African adolescents: results of the 2002 National Youth Risk Behaviour Survey

Cited by 82 publications

References 10 publications

Socio-economic status and urbanization are linked to snacks and obesity in adolescents in Botswana

Socio-economic status and urbanization are linked to snacks and obesity in adolescents in Botswana

Body fatness or anthropometry for assessment of unhealthy weight status? Comparison between methods in South African children and adolescents

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