Underwater and drone based photogrammetry reveals structural control at Geysir geothermal field in Iceland

Walter, Thomas R.; Jousset, Philippe; Allahbakhshi, Masoud; Witt, Tanja; Guðmundsson, M. T.; Hersir, Gylfi Páll

doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.01.010

Cited by 42 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Peak to peak velocities (PGV) at stations G1, G2, G3, and G4 range from 1.5

\cdot

^{- 7}

to 6.0

\cdot

^{- 5}

m/s. The strongest PGV and largest standard deviations are recorded at G3 west of Strokkur despite being the second farthest station possibly due to heterogeneous ground properties (see Wu et al () at Old Faithful) or NNE‐SSW aligned fractures in the area (Walter et al, ). The mean PGV are 6.6

\cdot

^{- 7}

\pm

3.6

\cdot

^{- 7}

m/s, 2.7

\cdot

^{- 6}

\pm

2.2

\cdot

^{- 6}

m/s, 4.4

\cdot

^{- 6}

\pm

2.9

\cdot

^{- 6}

m/s, and 2.2

\cdot

^{- 6}

\pm

1.5

\cdot

^{- 6}

m/s at G1, G2, G3, and G4, respectively (for G4 see Figure S3).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The geyser was penetrated by drillholes in 1963, since when it is the most active geyser in Iceland (Gudmundsson, ). It is filled with hot water that is constantly around its boiling point and wobbling between the eruptions until the geyser erupts (Rinehart, ) in a

\sim

30 m high water column (for evolution of eruption see Walter et al, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Map of the station network. (a) Infrared aerial image of the geothermally active region around the geyser Strokkur (after Walter et al ()) showing the subaerial outflow channel to the southwest and the seismometer locations (white triangles). The inset shows the location in Iceland.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Eruption Interval Monitoring at Strokkur Geyser, Iceland

Eibl

Hainzl

Vesely

et al. 2020

Geophysical Research Letters

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Geysers are hot springs whose frequency of water eruptions remain poorly understood. We set up a local broadband seismic network for 1 year at Strokkur geyser, Iceland, and developed an unprecedented catalog of 73,466 eruptions. We detected 50,135 single eruptions but find that the geyser is also characterized by sets of up to six eruptions in quick succession. The number of single to sextuple eruptions exponentially decreased, while the mean waiting time after an eruption linearly increased (3.7 to 16.4 min). While secondary eruptions within double to sextuple eruptions have a smaller mean seismic amplitude, the amplitude of the first eruption is comparable for all eruption types. We statistically model the eruption frequency assuming discharges proportional to the eruption multiplicity and a constant probability for subsequent events within a multituple eruption. The waiting time after an eruption is predictable but not the type or amplitude of the next one.

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“…Peak to peak velocities (PGV) at stations G1, G2, G3, and G4 range from 1.5

\cdot

^{- 7}

to 6.0

\cdot

^{- 5}

\cdot

^{- 7}

\pm

3.6

\cdot

^{- 7}

m/s, 2.7

\cdot

^{- 6}

\pm

2.2

\cdot

^{- 6}

m/s, 4.4

\cdot

^{- 6}

\pm

2.9

\cdot

^{- 6}

m/s, and 2.2

\cdot

^{- 6}

\pm

1.5

\cdot

^{- 6}

m/s at G1, G2, G3, and G4, respectively (for G4 see Figure S3).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

\sim

30 m high water column (for evolution of eruption see Walter et al, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Eruption Interval Monitoring at Strokkur Geyser, Iceland

Eibl

Hainzl

Vesely

et al. 2020

Geophysical Research Letters

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This was done to minimize the number of parameters but is an idealization for what we know is a more complex plumbing system. Indeed, geyser conduits and cavities can be crack‐like and tube‐like (e.g., Hutchinson, ; Walter et al, ), though large cavities such as those we model may exist (e.g., Belousov et al, ; Vandemeulebrouck et al, ). We estimated the same order of magnitude (~1 mm) of surface deformation by a prolate spheroid (Fialko & Simons, ; vertically oriented, semiaxes 4 and 1 m) simulating a vertical conduit.…”

Section: Modeling Ground Deformationmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Geophysical techniques are needed because the plumbing systems of some geysers are difficult to image directly, though video cameras have imaged at least parts of the main conduits beneath geysers (e.g., Yellowstone: Hutchinson, , Hutchinson et al, ; Kamchatka: Belousov et al, ; Iceland: Walter et al, ). Subsurface geometry matters because large and deep cavities may control the size and frequency of eruptions (e.g., Adelstein et al, ; Hurwitz & Manga, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geometry of Geyser Plumbing Inferred From Ground Deformation

et al. 2019

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Broadband seismic data were recorded on the ground surface around an exceptionally regular eruptive system, geyser El Jefe, in the El Tatio geyser field, Chile. We identify two stages in the eruption, recharge and discharge, characterized by a radial expansion and contraction, respectively, of the surface around the geyser. We model the deformation with spherical sources that vary in size, location, and pressure, constrained by pressure observations inside the conduit that are highly correlated with deformation signals. We find that in order to fit the data, the subsurface pressure sources must be laterally offset from the geyser vent during the recharge phase and that they must migrate upward toward the vent during the eruption phase. This pattern is consistent with models in which ascending fluids accumulate and then are released from a bubble trap that is horizontally offset from the shallow conduit of the geyser.

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Eruption Forecasting of Strokkur Geyser, Iceland, Using Permutation Entropy

Sudibyo

Eibl

Hainzl

et al. 2022

Preprint

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When a volcano becomes restless, it is challenging to assess whether it will lead to an actual eruption and determine the timing of the eruption onset. A magmatic intrusion starting at depth can (a) remain at depth, (b) stall just before reaching the surface, (c) erupt in sluggish and viscous extrusion, or (d) erupt rapidly or explosively (Moran et al., 2011). The process of magma migration involves interactions with the surrounding country rock, cooling magma bodies from previous eruptions, and (or) hydrothermal system (Moran et al., 2008). These interactions generate natural phenomena such as earthquakes, deformation, temperature changes, and gas emissions. These phenomena can be observed by geophysical and geochemical measurements (Moran et al., 2008) and integrated with the history of past eruptions in a framework of eruption forecasting (Whitehead & Bebbington, 2021).From a seismic point of view, eruptions can show precursors such as accelerating or decelerating earthquake rates. To assess this, monitoring institutes conventionally use methods to tabulate daily event counts (McNutt, 1996) and calculate the average amplitude for a certain window length (Endo & Murray, 1991). The Failure Forecast Method estimates the onset time of eruption by using the rate and the acceleration of seismic precursors associated with the rock failure caused by magma propagation (Boué et al., 2015). However, this method cannot deal with complex precursory signals, for example, that exhibits fluctuations or deceleration (Boué et al., 2015). Furthermore, due to the uncertainty of the eruption forecast and numerous false alarms (Bell et al., 2013), this method is not recommended to be stand-alone (Whitehead & Bebbington, 2021). Dempsey et al. (2020) tested a real-time Machine Learning framework to detect eruption precursors of five major eruptions at Whakaari

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Underwater and drone based photogrammetry reveals structural control at Geysir geothermal field in Iceland

Cited by 42 publications

References 31 publications

Eruption Interval Monitoring at Strokkur Geyser, Iceland

Eruption Interval Monitoring at Strokkur Geyser, Iceland

Geometry of Geyser Plumbing Inferred From Ground Deformation

Eruption Forecasting of Strokkur Geyser, Iceland, Using Permutation Entropy

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