Understanding why patients with schizophrenia do not perceive the hollow-mask illusion using dynamic causal modelling

Dima, Danai; Roiser, Jonathan P.; Dietrich, Detlef E.; Bonnemann, Catharina; Lanfermann, Heinrich; Emrich, H. M.; Dillo, Wolfgang

doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.033

Cited by 153 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In summary, this work further demonstrates the utility of illusion-provoking scenarios for the investigation of information-processing abnormalities in schizophrenia (Dima et al, 2009; White and Shergill, 2012). In addition to confirming attenuated rates of illusory experience in the disorder, which are interpreted as an indication of sub-optimal inference, we present data on the subjective milieu surrounding perception of these ambiguous sensory situations.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Eluding the illusion? Schizophrenia, dopamine and the McGurk effect

White

Wigton

Joyce

et al. 2014

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Perceptions are inherently probabilistic; and can be potentially manipulated to induce illusory experience by the presentation of ambiguous or improbable evidence under selective (spatio-temporal) constraints. Accordingly, perception of the McGurk effect, by which individuals misperceive specific incongruent visual and auditory vocal cues, rests upon effective probabilistic inference. Here, we report findings from a behavioral investigation of illusory perception and related metacognitive evaluation during audiovisual integration, conducted in individuals with schizophrenia (n = 30) and control subjects (n = 24) matched in terms of age, sex, handedness and parental occupation. Controls additionally performed the task after an oral dose of amisulpride (400 mg). Individuals with schizophrenia were observed to exhibit illusory perception less frequently than controls, despite non-significant differences in perceptual performance during control conditions. Furthermore, older individuals with schizophrenia exhibited reduced rates of illusory perception. Subsequent analysis revealed a robust inverse relationship between illness chronicity and the illusory perception rate in this group. Controls demonstrated non-significant modulation of perception by amisulpride; amisulpride was, however, found to elicit increases in subjective confidence in perceptual performance. Overall, these findings are consistent with the idea that impairments in probabilistic inference are exhibited in schizophrenia and exacerbated by illness chronicity. The latter suggests that associated processes are a potentially worthwhile target for therapeutic intervention.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Eluding the illusion? Schizophrenia, dopamine and the McGurk effect

White

Wigton

Joyce

et al. 2014

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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“…We hypothesize that the subject groups of Koethe et al were, on average, asymptomatic and clinically stable (hospitalization programs and PANSS scores were not reported). This hypothesis would explain why, in prior studies, patients with severely positive PANSS symptoms (>18, higher than the current acute group) differed tremendously from controls (Dima et al, 2010; Dima et al, 2009) whereas schizophrenia groups in Koethe et al differed only slightly from controls. Including symptomatic, recently hospitalized patients, as we have done, may be crucial for distinguishing patients and controls and also for uncovering DII symptom correlates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…Patients are hypothesized to utilize poor “top-down” processing, meaning that their conceptual expectations of how the world is supposed to look is inadequate for overriding contrary sensory (viz. stereoscopic) information (Dima et al, 2009; Koethe et al, 2006; Schneider et al, 2002)).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced depth inversion illusions in schizophrenia are state-specific and occur for multiple object types and viewing conditions.

Keane¹,

Silverstein²,

Wang³

et al. 2013

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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Purpose Schizophrenia patients are less susceptible to depth inversion illusions (DIIs) in which concave faces appear as convex but what stimulus attributes generate this effect and how does it vary with clinical state? Method To address these issues, we had 30 schizophrenia patients and 25 well-matched healthy controls make convexity judgments on physically concave faces and scenes. Patients were selectively sampled from three levels of care to ensure symptom heterogeneity. Half of the concave objects were painted with realistic texture to enhance the convexity illusion; the remaining objects were painted uniform beige to reduce the illusion. Subjects viewed the objects with one eye while laterally moving in front of the stimulus (to see depth via motion parallax) or with two eyes while remaining motionless (to see depth stereoscopically). Results For each group, DIIs were stronger with texture than without, and weaker with stereoscopic information than without, indicating that patients responded normally to stimulus alterations. More importantly, patients experienced fewer illusions than controls irrespective of the face/scene category, texture, or viewing condition. (parallax/stereo). Illusions became less frequent as patients experienced more positive symptoms and required more structured treatment. Conclusions People with schizophrenia experience fewer DIIs with a variety of object types and viewing conditions perhaps because of a lessened tendency to construe any type of object as convex. Moreover, positive symptoms and the need for structured treatment are associated with more accurate 3-D perception, suggesting that DII may serve as a state marker for the illness.

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“…In two recent papers, Dima et al explored the neural mechanisms involved in the resistance to the Hollow mask illusion via an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging procedure (fMRI; Dima et al, 2009) and an event-related potential procedure (Dima et al, 2010). Using dynamic causal modeling (DCM), the authors notably showed a significant between-group difference in the effective connectivity patterns measured during the VI task.…”

Section: The Computational Point Of Viewmentioning

confidence: 99%

What visual illusions teach us about schizophrenia

Notredame

Pins

Denève

et al. 2014

Front. Integr. Neurosci.

147

110

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Illusion, namely a mismatch between the objective and perceived properties of an object present in the environment, is a common feature of visual perception, both in normal and pathological conditions. This makes illusion a valuable tool with which to explore normal perception and its impairments. Although still debated, the hypothesis of a modified, and typically diminished, susceptibility to illusions in schizophrenia patients is supported by a growing number of studies. The current paper aimed to review how illusions have been used to explore and reveal the core features of visual perception in schizophrenia from a psychophysical, neurophysiological and functional point of view. We propose an integration of these findings into a common hierarchical Bayesian inference framework. The Bayesian formalism considers perception as the optimal combination between sensory evidence and prior knowledge, thereby highlighting the interweaving of perceptions and beliefs. Notably, it offers a holistic and convincing explanation for the perceptual changes observed in schizophrenia that might be ideally tested using illusory paradigms, as well as potential paths to explore neural mechanisms. Implications for psychopathology (in terms of positive symptoms, subjective experience or behavior disruptions) are critically discussed.

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Understanding why patients with schizophrenia do not perceive the hollow-mask illusion using dynamic causal modelling

Cited by 153 publications

References 32 publications

Eluding the illusion? Schizophrenia, dopamine and the McGurk effect

Eluding the illusion? Schizophrenia, dopamine and the McGurk effect

Reduced depth inversion illusions in schizophrenia are state-specific and occur for multiple object types and viewing conditions.

What visual illusions teach us about schizophrenia

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