Understanding the underlying dimensions in perfumers' odor perception space as a basis for developing meaningful odor maps

Zarzo, Manuel; Stanton, David T.

doi:10.3758/app.71.2.225

Cited by 71 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The position of 'coffee' next to 'smoky' is appealing. The similarity between 'nutty' and 'woody' has also been reported (Zarzo & Stanton, 2009). …”

Section: Comparison Of Loading Plotsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…'Animal' and 'vegetable' are not present in the H&R guide, and the values of SI, %F and %M included in Table 1 for them correspond to 15 civet and clary sage, respectively, which were the reference materials for such descriptors in the B-H database. Analogously, 'earthy' and 'musty' are absent in the H&R guide, and both were matched with 'mossy', which is a closely related odor (Zarzo & Stanton, 2009). …”

Section: Figure 2 Near Here]mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the results reported here (Fig. 2) and previous studies (Zarzo & Stanton, 2009), the floral category was placed between 'sweet' and 'fruity'. The resulting representation was compared with the Fragrance Wheel (Edwards, 2010).…”

Section: Figure 2 Near Here]mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the subspace of fragrances is very broad, reported evidence suggests that perfumery descriptors can be consistently mapped over two meaningful dimensions (Zarzo & Stanton, 2009), but this issue still requires further empirical evidence.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…4) and, actually, about one third of men's perfumes in the market are classified by Edwards (2010) as fougère. The masculine character of tobacco is well known in perfumery (Müller, 1992) as well as the feminine aspect of 'aldehydic' (see Table 7 of Zarzo & Stanton, 2009), the refreshing quality of 'citrus', and the seductive/erotic character of 'oriental' or musks (Jellinek, 1997).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Underlying dimensions in the descriptive space of perfumery odors: Part II

Zarzo

2015

Food Quality and Preference

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Some comprehensive compilations of odor character descriptions are available in the literature, and they contain valuable information to better understand the underlying dimensions of human odor psychophysics. In the present study, principal component analysis was applied to two olfactory databases of perfumery materials publicly available, which are comprised by those odor descriptors most frequently used in perfumery. The projection of descriptors over the two principal axes (two-component solution) led to related plots, which are also similar to the one obtained in a previous study (Zarzo, 2008) [ Zarzo, M. (2008). Relevant psychological dimensions in the perceptual space of perfumery odors. Food Qual. Pref. 19,[315][316][317][318][319][320][321][322]. Although the descriptive space of odors is highly multidimensional, our results suggest that it is possible to reach a consensus about how to project perfumery scents on a two-dimensional map, and how to interpret the dimensions of that sensory map. One of them discriminates light vs. heavy odors; the orthogonal axis was correlated with hedonic tones, but it is better interpreted as an underlying latent structure that distinguishes feminine vs. masculine cosmetic scents. KEYWORDSFragrance, sensory map, olfactory database, odor character descriptor

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“…The position of 'coffee' next to 'smoky' is appealing. The similarity between 'nutty' and 'woody' has also been reported (Zarzo & Stanton, 2009). …”

Section: Comparison Of Loading Plotsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Figure 2 Near Here]mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figure 2 Near Here]mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Underlying dimensions in the descriptive space of perfumery odors: Part II

Zarzo

2015

Food Quality and Preference

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Perfumes

Perring¹

2016

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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This article provides an overview of perfumes from the perspective of the technical specialist and highlights how the growth of the synthetic aroma chemical industry has supported the penetration of perfumes into the majority of consumer products, as either fine fragrances or as functional fragrances. Perfume creation, the surprising scope of fragrance technologies, process research and development, and associated legislative issues are summarized. The article also covers such topics as the analysis of natural products, structure–odor considerations, mood effects of fragrance, and malodor counteraction. Perfume commercialization and how it has evolved in the twenty‐first century, in particular the impact of perfume encapsulation and the filing of ever‐increasing numbers of patents, as well as the vexed question of perfume copyright are also touched on. Finally, it reviews some general business aspects including the market profile and the effect of global safety and environmental legislation on regulation of the industry.

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Human Olfactory Perception

Gelperin

2010

The Chemistry and Biology of Volatiles

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The scientific study of human olfactory perception, as for any sensory modality, perforce involves the use of rigorous psychophysical and psychometric methods, that is administering tightly controlled physical stimuli to human subjects while obtaining verbal or motor responses that indicate the subject's evaluation of the stimuli. The special challenges inherent in applying controlled and quantitative odorant stimuli often require sophisticated instrumentation for generating known concentrations of selected odorants 1 and collaborations between analytical chemists and psychophysicists to directly measure and control the chemical properties of the stimuli used to elicit subject responses adequate to the task of defining the relevant psychometric functions. 2-6 Assessments of olfactory thresholds require careful attention to methodology and careful comparison of the several different methods currently employed, 7 as do methods for determining odour quality. 8 A central problem in the study of olfactory information processing and the olfactory percepts that result from neural processing of olfactory stimuli is the lack of clear stimulus dimensions in olfaction, analogous to wavelength in vision and frequency in audition. 9 The relationship between molecular properties of an odorant molecule and its sensory properties is not yet understood. 10 To overcome this limitation, a large empirical literature has been developed to relate human olfactory perception to chemical structures grouped into classes of related compounds. 11 Using this prior psychophysical information on responses of human subjects to olfactory stimuli of varied chemical structure, 12 one can begin to make predictions of perceptual responses to new compounds or mixtures of compounds, albeit

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Understanding the underlying dimensions in perfumers' odor perception space as a basis for developing meaningful odor maps

Cited by 71 publications

References 36 publications

Underlying dimensions in the descriptive space of perfumery odors: Part II

Underlying dimensions in the descriptive space of perfumery odors: Part II

Perfumes

Human Olfactory Perception

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