Understanding the role of trace amount of Fe incorporated in Ni-rich Li[Ni1-x-yCoxMny]O2 cathode material

Park, Sanghyuk; Jo, Chang‐Heum; Kim, Hee Jae; Myung, Seung‐Taek; Kang, Hee-Kook; Kim, Hyeongil; Song, Jun-Ho; Yu, Ji‐Sang; Kwon, Kyungjung

doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.155342

Cited by 38 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Accordingly, the trace amount of impurities that are not fully eliminated from the leachate are incorporated during the co-precipitation for the direct regeneration of cathode active materials and affect the electrochemical performance of the resynthesized cathode active materials. In our previous study, the effects of impurity elements including iron, aluminum, tin, lithium, copper, and sodium were investigated individually at impurity levels [10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. It was reported that Li[Ni 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 ]O 2 (NMC) containing trace amounts of Fe or Al via co-precipitation showed better LIB performance in terms of cyclability and rate capability compared to a pristine sample [10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our previous study, the effects of impurity elements including iron, aluminum, tin, lithium, copper, and sodium were investigated individually at impurity levels [10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. It was reported that Li[Ni 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 ]O 2 (NMC) containing trace amounts of Fe or Al via co-precipitation showed better LIB performance in terms of cyclability and rate capability compared to a pristine sample [10][11][12]. In the case of iron, NMC structures with iron contents of 0.05 and 0.25 mol% exhibited an apparently improved rate capability at high C-rates with an increased initial capacity, which is attributed to their expanded lattice volume compared to a virgin sample [11,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Residual Trace Amounts of Fe and Al in Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 Cathode Active Material for the Sustainable Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries

et al. 2021

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As the explosive growth of the electric vehicle market leads to an increase in spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the disposal of LIBs has also made headlines. In this study, we synthesized the cathode active materials Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 (NMC) and Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3Fe0.0005Al0.0005]O2 (NMCFA) via hydroxide co-precipitation and calcination processes, which simulate the resynthesis of NMC in leachate containing trace amounts of iron and aluminum from spent LIBs. The effects of iron and aluminum on the physicochemical and electrochemical properties were investigated and compared with NMC. Trace amounts of iron and aluminum do not affect the morphology, the formation of O3-type layered structures, or the redox peak. On the other hand, the rate capability of NMCFA shows high discharge capacities at 7 C (110 mAh g−1) and 10 C (74 mAh g−1), comparable to the values for NMC at 5 C (111 mAh g−1) and 7 C (79 mAh g−1), respectively, due to the widened interslab thickness of NMCFA which facilitates the movement of lithium ions in a 2D channel. Therefore, iron and aluminum, which are usually considered as impurities in the recycling of LIBs, could be used as doping elements for enhancing the electrochemical performance of resynthesized cathode active materials.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Residual Trace Amounts of Fe and Al in Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 Cathode Active Material for the Sustainable Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries

et al. 2021

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“…%) would partially replace the Ni 2+ ion; 43 while excess Fe ions would replace the Li + ions in the lithium layer at high concentration (5.0 at. %), leading to mixing between Fe/ Li ions, which would contribute to the whole cation mixing degree 55 and affect the Li + ion transport in the NCM622 cathode, and would affect the electrochemical performance of cathode materials. It is essential to avoid the cation mixing in metal layers by controlling the concentration of Fe impurities in leaching solution during the recycling process of spent LIBs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valence Effects of Fe Impurity for Recovered LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂ Cathode Materials

Zhang

Zheng

Vanaphuti

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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Iron impurities are generally included in the obtained leaching liquor solution during the hydrometallurgical recycling method of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to the usage of iron in battery casings and machinery parts of recycling equipment, which would definitely affect the physical and electrochemical features of the recovered active materials. In this work, the effects of iron impurity with different valence states (Fe2+ and Fe3+) and gradient concentrations (0.2, 1.0, and 5.0 at. %) for the obtained LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM622) cathodes are fully studied. It is found that Fe3+ impurity could easily lower the tap density and average size of NCM622 particles and even introduce some impurity phases in the NCM622 structure at high concentration (5.0 at. %), leading to much lower specific capacity, worse rate capability, and cycling performance of the Fe3+-based NCM622 cathode. On contrast, with certain concentrations of Fe2+ impurity (0.2 and 1.0 at. %), the NCM622 cathode material exhibits comparable and much better electrochemical properties compared with the virgin NCM622 materials. Based on these results, the valence of Fe impurity should be considered and controlled as well as its concentration during the recycling process design for spent LIBs.

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“…16 In our previous study, it was confirmed that various metal and nonmetal impurities are present in the regenerated cathode active materials after the purification process. 17 In addition, the effects of relatively high concentrations of impurities such as Fe, 18,19 Al 20,21 Cu, 22 and Na 23 on the resynthesized cathode active materials were investigated individually at impurity levels. However, Zn and Ca have been overlooked in related studies on impurity effects because of their negligible concentration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The enhancement of cyclability of Ni‐rich LiNi ₀ _. ₉ Co ₀ _. _05−x Mn ₀ _. ₀₅ Zn _x

Jeong

Park

et al. 2022

Intl J of Energy Research

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Summary In the development of LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) cathode active materials in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) for electric vehicles, it is widely accepted that Ni‐rich and Co‐free NCM is the best candidate for the promotion of electric vehicle deployment. Inspired by the fact that Zn is an element that can be incorporated in regenerated NCM in the LIB recycling, Zn is doped into NCM from an impurity level in the leachate from spent LIBs to a level where Co is completely replaced by Zn. LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2 (NCM955), LiNi0.9Co0.0495Mn0.05Zn0.0005O2 (NCMZ‐0.05), LiNi0.9Co0.045Mn0.05Zn0.005O2 (NCMZ‐0.5), and LiNi0.9Mn0.05Zn0.05O2 (NMZ955) are synthesized by a co‐precipitation method. It is confirmed that Zn, which has a similar radius to Li+ and Ni2+, is incorporated into both Li and transition metal layers. An optimum cation mixing on the Zn‐doped NCM surface and the expanded NCM lattice due to Zn doping lead to improved cyclability and rate capability. For example, the optimized NCMZ‐0.5 exhibits enhanced capacity retention of 91.7% compared to NCM955 (69.8%) after 80 cycles. The cyclability improvement of Zn‐doped NCM is ascribed to better reversibility as well as lower overvoltage than NCM955. In particular, NMZ955 displays outstanding capacity retention in cycling tests with a wide voltage range, which implies that Co‐free NMZ has a competitive edge in cyclability compared to NCM. This work not only elucidates the positive effect of Zn doping in regenerated NCM, but also further provides a practical approach to designing a Co‐free Ni‐rich cathode for higher energy density.

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Understanding the role of trace amount of Fe incorporated in Ni-rich Li[Ni1-x-yCoxMny]O2 cathode material

Cited by 38 publications

References 35 publications

Effect of Residual Trace Amounts of Fe and Al in Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 Cathode Active Material for the Sustainable Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Effect of Residual Trace Amounts of Fe and Al in Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 Cathode Active Material for the Sustainable Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Valence Effects of Fe Impurity for Recovered LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂ Cathode Materials

The enhancement of cyclability of Ni‐rich LiNi ₀ _. ₉ Co ₀ _. _05−x Mn ₀ _. ₀₅ Zn _x

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Understanding the role of trace amount of Fe incorporated in Ni-rich Li[Ni1-x-yCoxMny]O2 cathode material

Cited by 38 publications

References 35 publications

Effect of Residual Trace Amounts of Fe and Al in Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 Cathode Active Material for the Sustainable Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Effect of Residual Trace Amounts of Fe and Al in Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 Cathode Active Material for the Sustainable Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Valence Effects of Fe Impurity for Recovered LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 Cathode Materials

The enhancement of cyclability of Ni‐rich LiNi 0 . 9 Co 0 . 05−x Mn 0 . 05 Zn x

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Valence Effects of Fe Impurity for Recovered LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂ Cathode Materials

The enhancement of cyclability of Ni‐rich LiNi ₀ _. ₉ Co ₀ _. _05−x Mn ₀ _. ₀₅ Zn _x