Understanding the Revolving Door: Individual and Structural-Level Predictors of Recidivism Among Individuals with HIV Leaving Jail

Fu, Jiaju; Herme, Maua; Wickersham, Jeffrey A.; Zelenev, Alexei; Althoff, Amy; Zaller, Nickolas; Bazazi, Alexander R.; Avery, Ann; Porterfield, Jeff; Jordan, Alison O.; Simon-Levine, Dominique; Lyman, Martha; Altice, Frederick L.

doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0590-1

Cited by 61 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…This cohort has been described across many domains, including HIV treatment outcomes, 39 new HIV infections, 3 longitudinal retention in care, 14 gender differences in service needs 40 and HIV treatment outcomes, 41 pre-and post-release homelessness, 20,35 recidivism, 22 and SUDs. 17,36 Health care utilization among this cohort has not previously been described.…”

Section: Setting and Selection Of Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergency Department Use among HIV-Infected Released Jail Detainees

Boyd

Song²,

Meyer

et al. 2014

J Urban Health

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Release from short-term jail detention is highly destabilizing, associated with relapse to substance use, recidivism, and disrupted health care continuity. Little is known about emergency department (ED) use, potentially a surrogate for medical, psychiatric, or social instability, by people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) leaving jails. All ED visits were reviewed from medical records for a cohort of 109 PLHWA in the year following release from county jail in Connecticut, between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2010. Primary outcomes were frequency and timing of ED visits, modeled using multivariate negative binomial regression and Cox proportional hazards regression, respectively. Demographic, substance use, and psychiatric disorder severity factors were evaluated as potential covariates. . Those in late or sustained HIV care used the ED sooner than those not retained in HIV primary care (median for late retention 16.3 days, median for sustained retention 24.9 days, median for no retention not reached at 12 months, p value 0.004). Using multivariate modeling, those who used the ED earliest upon release were more likely to be homeless ]), to be retained in HIV care ), and to have recently used drugs ), yet had a low lifetime drug severity (HR 0.01 [0.00-0.14]). Among PLWHA released from jail, frequency of ED use is high, often soon after release, and is associated with social and drug-related destabilizing factors. Future interventions for this specific population should focus on addressing these resource gaps, ensuring housing, and establishing immediate linkage to HIV primary care after release from jail.

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Section: Setting and Selection Of Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergency Department Use among HIV-Infected Released Jail Detainees

Boyd

Song²,

Meyer

et al. 2014

J Urban Health

Self Cite

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“…From a systems perspective, recidivism is an extraordinarily inefficient and costly use of services that disrupts continuity of care generally and especially for people with chronic illnesses, 4 and disproportionately affects those without housing, insurance, or treatment for psychiatric and substance use disorders. 5 With clear reductions in state appropriations for criminal justice, 6 reduction of recidivism has become a top national priority 1 —the Pew Center estimates that a 10% reduction in recidivism would save the USA US$470 million annually. 1,7 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV in people reincarcerated in Connecticut prisons and jails: an observational cohort study

et al. 2014

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Summary Background Reincarceration in prison or jail correlates with non-sustained HIV viral suppression, but HIV treatment outcomes in released prisoners who are reincarcerated have not recently been systematically assessed despite advances in antiretroviral treatment (ART) potency, simplicity, and tolerability. Methods In a retrospective cohort of reincarcerated inmates with HIV in Connecticut (2005–12), we used longitudinally linked demographic, pharmacy, and laboratory databases to examine correlates of viral suppression. The primary outcome was viral suppression on reincarceration, defined as viral load lower than 400 RNA copies per mL. Findings Of 497 prisoners and jail detainees with HIV, with 934 reincarcerations, individuals were mostly unmarried, uninsured, and black men prescribed a protease-inhibitor-based ART regimen. During the median 329 days (IQR 179–621) between prison release and reincarceration, the proportion of incarceration periods with viral suppression decreased significantly from 52% to 31% (mean HIV-RNA increased by 0·4 log10; p<0·0001), lower than Connecticut’s HIV-infected prison population and those prescribed ART nationally. 158 (51%) of 307 individuals with viral suppression on release had viral suppression on reincarceration. Viral suppression on reincarceration was associated with increasing age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1·04, 95% CI 1·01–1·07), being prescribed non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimens (1·63, 1·14–2·34), and having higher levels of medical or psychiatric comorbidity (1·16, 1·03–1·30). Interpretation Identification of individuals most at risk for recidivism and loss of viral suppression might mitigate the risk that repeated reincarceration poses to systems of public health and safety. Funding Bristol-Myers Squibb Virology, Patterson Trust, and National Institute on Drug Abuse.

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“…[5][6][7] An emerging body of literature identifies ways to improve health in this population, both in custody and after release, 8 and empirical and theoretical evidence suggests that such interventions could benefit all of society by decreasing health care costs, 9 improving health in the general population, [9][10][11][12][13][14] improving public safety 9 and decreasing reincarceration. 9,15,16 In Canada, there is a lack of data on many indicators of health for people who experience incarceration. 7,17 Regarding mortality in particular, several reports have examined deaths in custody [18][19][20][21][22][23] and have noted high rates of death and a large proportion of deaths from preventable causes, such as homicide, suicide and overdose.…”

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confidence: 99%

Mortality over 12 years of follow-up in people admitted to provincial custody in Ontario: a retrospective cohort study

et al. 2016

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Background:We aimed to define rates and causes of death in custody and after release in people admitted to provincial custody in Ontario, and to compare these data with data for the general population. Methods:We linked data on adults admitted to provincial custody in Ontario in 2000 with data on deaths between 2000 and 2012. We examined rates and causes of death by age, sex, custodial status and period after release, and compared them with data for the general population, using indirect adjustment for age.Results: Between 2000 and 2012, 8.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 8.3%-8.8%) of those incarcerated died in provincial custody or after release. The crude death rate was 7.1 (95% CI 6.9-7.3) per 1000 person-years. The standardized mortality ratio for those incarcerated in 2000 was 4.0 (95% CI 3.9-4.1) overall and 1.9 (95% CI 1.5-2.4) while in provincial custody. The most common causes of death were injury and poisoning (38.2% of all deaths), including overdose (13.6%) and suicide (8.2%), diseases of the circulatory system (15.8%) and neoplasms (14.5%). In the 2 weeks after release, the standardized mortality ratio was 5.7 overall and 56.0 for overdose. Life expectancy was 72.3 years for women and 73.4 for men who experienced incarceration in 2000. Interpretation:Mortality was high for people who experienced incarceration, and life expectancy was 4.2 years less for men and 10.6 years less for women compared with the general population. Efforts should be made to reduce the gap in mortality between people who experience incarceration and those who do not. Time in custody could serve as an opportunity to intervene to decrease risk. Abstract Research CMAJ OPEN E154CMAJ OPEN, 4(2) sentenced) or incarcerated (i.e., sentenced); in this article we use the term incarcerated to represent both of these groups.

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Understanding the Revolving Door: Individual and Structural-Level Predictors of Recidivism Among Individuals with HIV Leaving Jail

Cited by 61 publications

References 42 publications

Emergency Department Use among HIV-Infected Released Jail Detainees

Emergency Department Use among HIV-Infected Released Jail Detainees

HIV in people reincarcerated in Connecticut prisons and jails: an observational cohort study

Mortality over 12 years of follow-up in people admitted to provincial custody in Ontario: a retrospective cohort study

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