Understanding the rate-dependent J–V hysteresis, slow time component, and aging in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells: the role of a compensated electric field

Tress, Wolfgang; Marinova, Nevena; Moehl, Thomas; Zakeeruddin, Shaik M.; Nazeeruddin, Mohammad Khaja; Grätzel, Michaël

doi:10.1039/c4ee03664f

Cited by 1,176 publications

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“…To date, many reasons have been indicated to be the causes of hysteresis behavior, such as ion migration and transient ferroelectric polarization [44]. On the other hand, any factor disadvantageous to charge transfer kinetic processes can also result in pronounced hysteresis, like serious charge recombination, slow transport, and less efficient interfacial charge extraction [45,46]. Herein we focus specifically on revealing the influence of ETL underlayer on the hysteresis behavior.…”

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confidence: 99%

Rational design of SnO2-based electron transport layer in mesoscopic perovskite solar cells: more kinetically favorable than traditional double-layer architecture

et al. 2017

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Here, the interfacial synergism of discontinuous spot shaped SnO 2 and TiO 2 mesoporous nanocomposite as electron transfer layer (ETL) underlayer is presented in highly efficient mesoscopic perovskite solar cells (M-PSCs). Based on this new strategy, strong charge recombination observed in previous SnO 2 -based ETLs is suppressed to a great extent as the pathways of charge recombination and energy loss are blocked effectively. Meanwhile, the internal series resistance of entire M-PSC is decreased remarkably. The new ETL is more kinetically favorable to electron transfer and thus results in significant photovoltaic improvement and alleviated hysteresis effect of M-PSCs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rational design of SnO2-based electron transport layer in mesoscopic perovskite solar cells: more kinetically favorable than traditional double-layer architecture

et al. 2017

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“…[76] Although the defect passivation process significantly enhances the device performance and decreases the hysteresis, it is found that the time interval for charge trapping and detrapping ranges within milliseconds, [157] or even nanoseconds, [158] which is much shorter than the typical time for the hysteretic behavior. [159] The slow processes, such as the giant switchable photovoltaic effect and the very slow (seconds range) increase in photocurrent after poling, cannot be explained by a charge trapping mechanism alone. [131] Van Reenen et al [157] recently proposed that rather than having a single origin, the hysteresis has to be interpreted in terms of a combination of factors, including 1) charge trapping/detrapping and 2) the ionic migration, which will be discussed in the following section.…”

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confidence: 99%

Capturing the Sun: A Review of the Challenges and Perspectives of Perovskite Solar Cells

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et al. 2017

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following statement: These materials can be processed from solution and yet exhibit optoelectronic materials properties described in classic solid-state physics textbooks. This unprecedented combination has led to photovoltaic devices that can be processed at room temperature and achieve performance levels similar to industry giant polycrystalline silicon, from a starting point of 3.8% in 2009. [1][2][3][4] The first light-emitting electrochemical cells [5] and diodes [6][7][8] have also been introduced recently, leading to tunable light emission spectra and internal quantum efficiencies exceeding 15%.The road towards these achievements has been marked by a constant improvement of perovskite deposition techniques fueled by our increasing understanding of the crystallization processes. The choice of deposition technique, either from solution or vapor, and the composition and order in which precursor species are applied has a great influence on the crystallization kinetics. Here, one can distinguish one-step methods where the perovskite is formed from a precursor mixture dissolved in a common solution, and two-step methods where the inorganic compound is deposited first and transformed to the perovskite phase later by addition of the organic constituents. [9][10][11] Furthermore, many parameters during processing can have an effect on the crystallization mechanism and consequently on film morphology, such as the choice of solvents, concentrations and processing additives that are often not incorporated into the final product. [11][12][13] We discuss this aspect in Section 2, where we focus our attention on the most commonly employed solution-based techniques. Additionally, as for any new technology trying to displace an incumbent technology, higher efficiencies, lower costs, reproducibility, stability, and sustainability are paramount. In particular, reproducibility has been a major challenge in perovskite solar cells from the beginning: small variations in morphology, like crystal size, film roughness, and pinholes can have detrimental effects on photovoltaic performance. [14] On the other hand, current-voltage measurements often showed a hysteresis that is rarely seen in other photovoltaic technologies. [15] These topics are highlighted in Sections 3 and 4. Finally, in Section 5 we discuss the framework for market introduction, such as cost reduction by choosing low-cost charge transport layers, or how the lifetime of perovskite absorbers can be extended by the choice of materials composition.Hybrid metal halide perovskites have become one of the hottest topics in optoelectronic materials research in recent years. Not only have they surpassed everyone's expectations and achieved similar performance as tried and true polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic devices, but they are also finding applications in a variety of different fields, including lighting. The main advantages of hybrid metal halide perovskites are simple processability, compatible with large-scale solution processing such as roll-to-roll printing, a...

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“…Current-voltage (J-V) curves were recorded by applying a forward bias with a scan rate of 10 mV s À1 in order to minimize the hysteresis effects stemming from the perovskite material. [38] Hysteresis scans showing the performance under forward and reverse bias can be found in the SI. The results show excellent performances for all the benzotrithiophene derivatives, being BTT-3 slightly better than its analogous BTT-1 and BTT-2.…”

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Benzotrithiophene‐Based Hole‐Transporting Materials for 18.2 % Perovskite Solar Cells

et al. 2016

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New star-shaped benzotrithiophene (BTT)-based hole-transporting materials (HTM) BTT-1, BTT-2 and BTT-3 have been obtained through a facile synthetic route by crosslinking triarylamine-based donor groups with a benzotrithiophene (BTT) core. The BTT HTMs were tested on solution-processed lead trihalide perovskite-based solar cells. Power conversion efficiencies in the range of 16 % to 18.2 % were achieved under AM 1.5 sun with the three derivatives. These values are comparable to those obtained with today s most commonly used HTM spiro-OMeTAD, which point them out as promising candidates to be used as readily available and cost-effective alternatives in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). SinceitsfirstuseaslightabsorberinasensitizedsolarcellbyMiyasaka and co-workers, [1] organic-inorganic methylammonium (MA) lead halide MAPbX 3 (X = I, Br) perovskites have experienced a scientific research blast for photovoltaic applications. [2][3][4][5][6][7] Organometal trihalide perovskites exhibit exceptional intrinsic properties such as light absorption from visible to near-infrared range, high extinction coefficient, long electron-hole diffusion lengths, a direct band gap as well as high charge carrier mobilities, among others. [8][9][10] Furthermore, the perovskite material is relatively versatile and its electronic properties can be widely tuned by cationic or anionic substitution. As an example, the formamidinium (FA) based perovskite FAPbI 3 shows excellent light harvesting properties due to its lower band gap energy (E g ), [11] whereas by using the methylammonium mixed halide perovskite MAPbI x Br 3Àx higher E g and open circuit voltage (V oc ) can be obtained. [12] Improved energy conversion efficiencies are also observed when combining the two perovskite materials in the compositional modification (FAPbI 3 ) 1Àx (MAPbBr 3 ) x that was recently presented by Seok et al., [13] reporting power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) above 20 %. The ambipolar behavior of the perovskite allows its combination either n-i-p or p-i-n configurations with electron transporting (ETMs) and/or with hole-transporting (HTMs) materials. These interface layers play an important role for transporting and blocking the charges. A wide number of HTMs have been synthesized and investigated in combination with perovskite absorber ranging from classical semiconducting polymers to small molecules.Focusing on the latter, different central cores have been used in the state-of-the-art photovoltaic devices, such as 9,9'-spirobifluorene, [14] spiro-liked derivatives, [15] thiophene derivatives, [16] triphenylamine, [17] bridged-triphenylamines, [18,19] pyrene, [20] 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, [21] linear p-conjugated, [22][23][24] triptycene, [25] tetraphenylethene, [26] silolothiophene or triazines, [27] all of them namely decorated with diarylamines, triarylamines and/or carbazole derivatives. With this approach, the best power conversion efficiency obtained to date, up to 20 %, [13] has been achieved by using the polymer poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-t...

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Understanding the rate-dependent J–V hysteresis, slow time component, and aging in CH₃NH₃PbI₃ perovskite solar cells: the role of a compensated electric field

Abstract: Ionic displacement modifying the electric field in the device is found as most likely reason for the hysteresis which is examined by separating fast and slow processes and comparing devices with and without blocking layer.

Cited by 1,176 publications

References 37 publications

Rational design of SnO2-based electron transport layer in mesoscopic perovskite solar cells: more kinetically favorable than traditional double-layer architecture

Rational design of SnO2-based electron transport layer in mesoscopic perovskite solar cells: more kinetically favorable than traditional double-layer architecture

Capturing the Sun: A Review of the Challenges and Perspectives of Perovskite Solar Cells

Benzotrithiophene‐Based Hole‐Transporting Materials for 18.2 % Perovskite Solar Cells

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