Understanding the polychalcogenides as building blocks to solid state materials: Speciation of polychalcogenides in solutions

Amorphous Tellurium‐Embedded Hierarchical Porous Carbon Nanofibers as High‐Rate and Long‐Life Electrodes for Potassium‐Ion Batteries

“…[11][12][13] However, alkali metal-Te batteries suffer from the unfavorable shuttle effect of polytellurides intermediates, which leads to the loss of active material and severely weakens the electrochemical stability of the two electrodes. [9,11,14,15] In addition, the large volume change between Te and M 2 Te (398% for K 2 Te versus 204% for Li 2 Te) further aggravates the capacity decay during repeated cycling. [7,10] Since the investigation on K-Te batteries is still at the early stage, their performance in terms of rate capability and cycle life cannot compare with those of Li-Te and Na-Te batteries.…”

Advances in Chalcogenide Crystal Growth: Flux and Solution Syntheses, and Approaches for Postsynthetic Modifications

“…). − Interestingly, as the solvent’s physical behavior changes, the interactions between reagents and the solvent also change; for instance, hydration takes place in aqueous media, and covalent or ionic bonding with building blocks occur in thiol-/amine-based solvents or ionic liquids, respectively. Finally, adding a surfactant to hydrothermal or solvothermal syntheses can create neutral, anionic, or cationic micelles that can affect crystal growth and promote the formation of novel chalcogenide materials. − Several comprehensive reviews about ionothermal preparation, surfactant chemistry, “alkahest solvents”, and solvothermal syntheses already exist. ,− Apart from thermodynamic phases, which can be obtained in solution-based methods, the low reaction temperatures favor kinetically stabilized products as the typical reaction outcome. Therefore, rather than separately discussing each solution-based synthetic method for chalcogenide material crystal growth, herein, the focus will be on the final kinetic product.…”

Recent Approaches for Chemical Speciation and Analysis by Electrospray Ionization (ESI) Mass Spectrometry

“…It follows that, despite the soft nature of ESI, fragmentation and/or polymerization phenomena may occur, and the spectra of species, that are sensitive to different instrumental parameters, may have different response factors (Espinosa et al, 2016 ). For this reason, a careful evaluation of the cone voltage has been crucial to determine polychalcogenids in solutions and to get reliable information for polysulfide ion speciation (Gun et al, 2004 ; Dorhout et al, 2017 ). Other authors (Wen et al, 2019 ) lowered cone voltages and temperatures to preserve the solution state at maximum.…”