Understanding the photomechanical effect in organic photoactuators: a comprehensive review of mechanical models and numerical simulations

Abstract

The photomechanical effect, which is characterized by light-induced mechanical deformation in materials, has gained significant attention for its potential applications across various domains. Photomechanical modeling, which involves the integration of photochemistry and mechanical behavior in photoactive materials, has emerged as a crucial tool for understanding and optimizing their functionality. In this review article, we present a comprehensive overview of recent developments in mechanical modeling and numerical simulations, with a specific focus on finite element simulations applied to organic photoactuators. Through a systematic literature search encompassing publications since the discovery of the photomechanical effect, we examined the progress made in modeling the photomechanical behavior of diverse organic photoactuators, including polymer-based, liquid-crystal elastomer (LCE), and composite photoactuators. The integration of light and mechanical constitutive models has enabled significant advancements in accurately representing the photomechanical responses of these materials. The key findings of this review encompass the methods and approaches employed for simulating light-induced deformation, factors influencing the photomechanical response, and current limitations and challenges in the field. In conclusion, the development of novel organic photoactuators necessitates the establishment of more generalized photomechanical couplings to optimize their design, enhance the light-induced response, and facilitate cost-effective commercialization. This review article aims to serve as an invaluable resource for researchers interested in this field, stimulating further investigations into the potential applications of organic photoactuators.