Understanding the Pace of HUD’s Disaster Housing Recovery Efforts

Martín, Carlos; Teles, Daniel; DuBois, Nicole

doi:10.1080/10511482.2021.1875258

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Disinvestment in affordable housing before the disaster and hence exacerbation of unmet housing needs after the disaster, many changes in the local public housing recovery plans, limited, uncertain, and delayed funding, and bureaucratic hurdles in allocating funds have resulted in a protracted public housing recovery in the Lumberton case. While these factors were found in this case study, we argue that several of them are present in many other disaster-prone communities across the nation due to the structural and nationwide shortcomings of both public housing and disaster recovery programs (Hamideh and Rongerude 2018; Hamideh and Sen 2022; Martin 2021; 2022; Martin et al 2019). This disaster recovery delay exacerbates and further intensifies the long-term shrinkage of low-income housing stocks in the United States in turn further increasing the vulnerability of low-income households due to their precarious housing conditions.…”

Section: Conclusion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 62%

Post-Disaster Recovery Challenges of Public Housing Residents: Lumberton, North Carolina After Hurricane Matthew

Khajehei

Hamideh

2023

Urban Affairs Review

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The floods caused by Hurricane Matthew in 2016 affected Lumberton, a socioeconomically diverse city in North Carolina with 729 public housing units. Public housing residents face unique challenges in accessing resources and post-disaster temporary accommodations, further delaying their recovery compared to other survivors. This paper investigates the obstacles to public housing recovery and the residents’ recovery challenges using descriptive statistics, mapping, and qualitative analysis in Lumberton. Findings show the dependency of public housing units’ recovery on assistance policies and decisions of various organizations, including local housing authorities. Multiple changes in recovery plans and limited, uncertain, delayed funding and bureaucratic obstacles to funding allocation slow the units’ recovery and prolong the residents’ displacement, adversely affecting their recovery. Hence, pre-disaster resilience initiatives should address these vulnerabilities and the recovery policy's limitations to support public housing units and residents’ recovery. Moreover, affordable housing recovery must become a priority in national housing recovery policies.

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Section: Conclusion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 62%

Post-Disaster Recovery Challenges of Public Housing Residents: Lumberton, North Carolina After Hurricane Matthew

Khajehei

Hamideh

2023

Urban Affairs Review

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“…To estimate T CDBG − DR , we calculate the averages of data collected by Martín et al (2022), where T appropriation = 0 . 6 years, Δ T allocation = 0 . 2 years, and T award = 0 . 2 years. The remaining components of T CDBG − DR differ between the Homeowner Compensation Program (HCP) and programs aimed at rental housing (i.e.…”

Section: Modeling Post-earthquake Recovery Of Communitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Funding from the CDBG-DR program is disbursed slowly (Martı´n et al, 2022). The disbursal of CDBG-DR funds is broken down into multiple tasks.…”

Section: Funding Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…LRRP and SRRP). We estimate Δ T first , HCP = 0 and Δ T first , LRRP and SRRP = 1 . 75 years (Martín et al, 2022, Figure 5). That is, there is a 1.75-year gap between the first payment to owner- and renter-occupied housing.…”

Section: Modeling Post-earthquake Recovery Of Communitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…That is, there is a 1.75-year gap between the first payment to owner- and renter-occupied housing. Finally, the duration of the program is estimated as Δ T 90 % expenditure , HCP = 2 . 1 years and Δ T 90 % expenditure , LRRP and SRRP = 1 . 25 years (Martín et al, 2022). Rental assistance comes later but is disbursed more quickly.…”

Section: Modeling Post-earthquake Recovery Of Communitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling post-disaster recovery: Accounting for rental and multi-family housing

Mongold,

Costa,

Zsarnóczay

et al. 2024

Earthquake Spectra

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Post-disaster housing recovery models increase our understanding of recovery dynamics, vulnerable populations, and how people are affected by the direct losses that disasters create. Past recovery models have focused on single-family owner-occupied housing, while empirical evidence shows that rental units and multi-family housing are disadvantaged in post-disaster recovery. To fill this gap, this article presents an agent-based housing recovery model that includes the four common type–tenure combinations of single- and multi-family owner- and renter-occupied housing. The proposed model accounts for the different recovery processes, emphasizing funding sources available to each type–tenure. The outputs of our model include the timing of financing and recovery at building resolution across a community. We demonstrate the model with a case study of Alameda, California, recovering from a simulated M7.0 earthquake on the Hayward fault. The processes in the model replicate higher non-recovery of multi-family housing than single-family housing, as observed in past disasters, and a heavy reliance of single-family renter-occupied units on Small Business Administration funding, which is expected due to low earthquake insurance penetration. The simulation results indicate that multi-family housing would have the highest portion of unmet need remaining; however, some buildings with unmet needs are anticipated to be able to obtain a large portion of their funding. The remaining portion may be filled using personal financing or may be overcome with downsizing or downgrades. Multi-family housing would also benefit the most from Community Development Block Grants for Disaster Recovery (CDBG-DR). This benefit is a result of modeling the financing sources, that CDBG-DR is available, and that many multi-family buildings do not qualify for other sources. Communities’ allocation of public funding is important for housing recovery. Our model can help inform and compare potential financing policies to allocate public funds.

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Cost-effectiveness of federal CDBG-DR Road Home Program mitigation assistance in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana

et al. 2023

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After Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005, the State of Louisiana received federal Community Development Block Grant Disaster Recovery (CDBG-DR) assistance, administered by the Louisiana Office of Community Development (OCD) as the Road Home Program, to provide homeowners with the required matching funds for elevating damaged homes under the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP). This research evaluates the cost-effectiveness of the Road Home Program elevation mitigation assistance for a case study of homes in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, using benefit–cost analysis (BCA) based on average annual loss (AAL) prediction. We use multiple return period flood depths from FEMA RiskMAP non-regulatory flood depth and calculate flood risk reduction as the difference between pre- and post-elevation AAL. We compute benefit–cost ratio (BCR) and net benefit–cost ratio (NBCR) of the elevation mitigation investment across multiple time horizons, considering several funding scenarios. Then, we determine optimal first-floor height (FFH) by foundation type and 100-year flood depth. The analysis reveals that elevating existing homes by either 3 feet above the ground or to the base flood elevation (BFE; 100-year flood elevation), whichever is higher, reduces the median AAL by 98%. This elevation generates a BCR of 1.5 and 1.7 over a 30-year mortgage and a 70-year building lifetime, respectively, if the benefit is allocated proportionately. These results enhance understanding of cost-effectiveness of federal elevation mitigation investments, benefits of elevating homes above the minimum requirements, and most effective elevated heights for homes.

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Understanding the Pace of HUD’s Disaster Housing Recovery Efforts

Cited by 7 publications

References 21 publications

Post-Disaster Recovery Challenges of Public Housing Residents: Lumberton, North Carolina After Hurricane Matthew

Post-Disaster Recovery Challenges of Public Housing Residents: Lumberton, North Carolina After Hurricane Matthew

Modeling post-disaster recovery: Accounting for rental and multi-family housing

Cost-effectiveness of federal CDBG-DR Road Home Program mitigation assistance in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana

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