“…For example, face-toface communication is now supplemented and in some cases even replaced by the online communication (MacLeod et al, 2019). Furthermore, previous studies showed that students' intrinsic motivation (IM), peer interaction (PI) and classroom connectedness (CC) were positively related to HOTS (Hwang & Chen, 2016;Lu, Pang, & Shadiev, 2021;Lu, Yang, Shi, & Wang, 2021;Lu, Yang, & Xue, 2021;Zhang et al, 2021). However, until now, few studies investigated whether these learning factors This is mostly because their technological skills are not good enough (Ellis & Bliuc, 2016;Farjon et al, 2019;Yurtseven Avci et al, 2020).…”