Understanding the importance of expanding the definition of interoperability through social network analysis

Abstract

Over the past decade, the Department of Defense (DoD) developed an emergent network of systems that operate together on the battlefield to provide value to the DoD. Advances in systems engineering have enabled the DoD to develop better, more integrated, and more complex systems in this time frame. One of the emerging topics in systems engineering is the importance of nonfunctional attributes captured in the ilities of a system. One of these ilities, interoperability, captures the ability of a system to operate with other systems as DoD systems do on the battlefield. This article applies social network analysis tools and methods to understand the effect of expanding the definition of interoperability beyond information flows to include shared resources and physical connections. Social network analysis metrics, such as density and average degree, quantify the effect of expanding interoperability to capture other aspects of interoperability. By capturing these additional aspects of interoperability, the number of connections in the DoD network of systems increases by nearly a factor of four. Thus, if the ility of interoperability narrowly focuses on information flows, then systems engineers could potentially miss a large number of important connections in a network of systems.

Applying real system age to DoD systems

“…14 Other work in systems engineering has examined the importance of expanding the definition of interoperability beyond just information flows to include physical connections and shared resources. 15 Robustness is a system's ability to maintain the same performance given changing environmental and internal conditions. 5 Robustness is closely linked to flexibility or adaptability; however, it is distinct in the fact that it does not require a change to the system's form.…”

“…The DoD broadens this definition to an operational context as “the ability to operate in synergy in the execution of assigned tasks” 14 . Other work in systems engineering has examined the importance of expanding the definition of interoperability beyond just information flows to include physical connections and shared resources 15 . Robustness is a system's ability to maintain the same performance given changing environmental and internal conditions 5 .…”

Reliability assessment of mechatronic systems considering multi covariates with system topology

“…In mechanical connections the minimum maintenance units are connected through fasteners to transfer energy (such as kinetic energy), where fasteners may be bolts, screws, rivets, gears, etc. 49,50 For example, Figure 8(A), shows the fasteners as comprising gears; gear 1 moves to drive gear 2 through the mechanical relationship between the gears.…”

“…16,23 For example, in an electrical grid system (see Figure 9(A)), the power station transmits electricity to users through wires, thus the connections from power station to the residential and businesses are electrical connections as shown in For Informational connections, the minimum maintenance units are connected through the transfer of information or instructions over a transmission medium such as cables. 50,51 For example, Figure 10(A) shows a typical information transmission process in a high-speed train that includes standard informational connections between the driver's console and brake control system. There is also a feedback process after the transmission of information or instructions to specific components/parts.…”

Analisis Node dengan Centrality dan Follower Rank pada Twitter

“…Hal ini untuk mengidentifikasi node atau aktor mana yang terhubung dengan sangat baik dengan node-node yang lainnya dalam sebuah network[16].B. Centrality BetweennessCentrality Betweenness (Cb) digunakan untuk menghitung seberapa sering sebuah node atau aktor menjadi jembatan atau perantara dalam sebuah network.…”