Understanding the Importance of Aerobic Mixing, Biofilm Thickness Control and Modeling on the Success or Failure of Ifas Systems for Biological Nutrient Removal

Abstract

Research was conducted in IFAS systems to identify problems that arose with the biofilm when the intensity of mixing and aeration fall below or rise above certain thresholds. The types of IFAS media evaluated include fixed bed cord media (Ringlace and Bioweb), moving bed sponge (sponge mediaLinpor and Captor; and plastic media -Kaldnes) and RBC media. An aeration process design model and operating strategies have been developed to address these problems. This paper presents the IFAS and MBBR design methodology and aeration process design component of the Aquifas Unified Model for Activated Sludge, IFAS and MBBR systems. The paper references specific instances in full-scale IFAS plants where problems occurred because of insufficient or improper mixing patterns and documents how they were resolved. The problems observed included nuisance predator development and plugging of media and screens. The IFAS model was upgraded to incorporate computation of biofilm thickness and the impact of the increase in biofilm thickness on the reduction in effective surface area available on a various types of media. Effective surface area is the m 2 of biofilm surface per m 3 of tank volume. The model uses the effective surface area and the amount of media in the tank to compute the substrate (COD, NH4N and Oxidized-N) profiles. Additional research is being conducted to establish certain thresholds for mixing necessary above and beyond the aeration requirements to maintain a thin biofilm.The paper shows how the process design model is applied to improve the design of IFAS and MBBR systems. In instances where the aeration requirement to satisfy the DO set-point is satisfied but the mixing is below the threshold to maintain a thin biofilm, the media fill volume fraction in an aerobic cell can be increased and the fraction of tank volume occupied by the aerobic cell can be increased. By increasing the media fill volume fraction in a situation where the biofilm in an aerobic cell is too thick, the total amount of biofilm surface area present in the aerobic cell is increased and the soluble COD concentration is decreased. This decreases the biofilm thickness observed for the same intensity of mixing and increases the effective surface area of biofilm. This improves the performance of the system. When the media fill volume fraction is increased, the air flow per unit of reactor volume has to be increased to satisfy the additional oxygen demand. This increase in air flow helps satisfy the mixing requirements to mix the media and induce the requisite amount of biofilm shear. In some instances with fixed bed media, supplemental aeration system is installed below the frames to increase the air flow during diurnal peak load hours and thin out the biofilm.

Modelling the performance of an integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) system: a systematic approach to automated calibration

“…This uncertainty may be reduced further through deeper investigation of the relative contribution of biochemical processes from the attached and suspended colonies that has been suggested as critical in IFAS models 125 . This will vary largely from system to system with the relative contribution of each likely to be governed by many factors including biofilm thickness, aerobic mixing, sheer rate, MLSS concentration, temperature to name a few 126 – 128 .…”

Improved Computational Model (AQUIFAS) for Activated Sludge, Integrated Fixed‐Film Activated Sludge, and Moving‐Bed Biofilm Reactor Systems, Part II: Multilayer Biofilm Diffusional Model

“…For the same level of mixing, the biofilm thickness increases with the bulk liquid COD concentration. This loss in surface area may be partially compensated for (up to a certain concentration of COD in the bulk liquid) by the increase in biofilm surface area on the outer surface (Sen, Randall, Copithorn, Huhtamaki, Farren, and Flournoy, 2007).…”

Improved Computational Model (AQUIFAS) for Activated Sludge, Integrated Fixed‐Film Activated Sludge, and Moving‐Bed Biofilm Reactor Systems, Part III: Analysis and Verification

“…There is a mixed liquor recycle of 100% from the second pre‐anoxic cell to the first anaerobic cell. The anoxic and aerobic mixings are above the thresholds for maintaining a healthy biofilm ( Sen, Randall, Copithorn, Huhtamaki, Farren, and Flournoy, 2007 ).…”