Understanding the immunopathogenesis of autoimmune diseases by animal studies using gene modulation: A comprehensive review

Lee, Keum Hwa; Ahn, Byung Soo; Cha, Dongchul; Jang, Won Woo; Choi, Eugene; Park, Soo-Hyun; Park, Jun Hyeong; Oh, Jun-Seok; Jung, Da Eun; Park, Heeryun; Park, Ju Ha; Suh, Youngsong; Jin, Dongwan; Lee, Siyeon; Jang, Yonghwan; Yoon, Tehwook; Park, Minkyu; Seong, Yoonje; Pyo, Jihoon; Yang, Sunmo; Kwon, Young‐In; Jung, Hye Jung; Lim, Chae Kwang; Hong, Jun; Park, Yeoeun; Choi, Eun-Jin; Smıth, Lee; Kronbichler, Andreas

doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102469

Cited by 45 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…The cytokine repertoire induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in complex COVID-19 presents significant similarities with those of some immune-mediated diseases, characterized by an aberrant activation of innate and adaptive immunity, possibly sustained by genetic or microbial predisposition 31 , 41 ( Fig. 1 ).…”

Section: Similarities and Differences With Other Immune-mediated Disomentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Thrilling Journey of SARS-CoV-2 into the Intestine: From Pathogenesis to Future Clinical Implications

Scaldaferri

Ianiro

Privitera

et al. 2020

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has a direct impact on the gastrointestinal system, as up to 50% of fecal samples from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients contain detectable viral RNA despite a negative rhino-pharyngeal swab. This finding, together with an intestinal expression of angiotensin conversion enzyme 2 protein, suggests a possible fecal-oral transmission for SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are common in COVID-19 patients including watery diarrhea, vomiting—particularly in children—nausea, and abdominal pain. Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection presents significant similarities to those of some immune-mediated diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases or rheumatoid arthritis, leading to the hypothesis that targeted therapies used for the treatment of immune-mediated disease could be effective to treat (and possibly prevent) the main complications of COVID-19. In this review, we synthesize the present and future impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the gastrointestinal system and on gastroenterology practice, hypothesizing a potential role of the “gut-lung axis” and perhaps of the gut and lung microbiota into the interindividual differential susceptibility to COVID-19 19 disease. Finally, we speculate on the reorganization of outpatient gastroenterology services, which need to consider, among other factors, the major psychological impact of strict lockdown measures on the whole population.

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Section: Similarities and Differences With Other Immune-mediated Disomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, limited information is available regarding immune cells involvement in COVID-19, whereas the major role of these cell types has been widely described in immune-mediated disorders. 31 , 41 …”

Section: Similarities and Differences With Other Immune-mediated Disomentioning

confidence: 99%

The Thrilling Journey of SARS-CoV-2 into the Intestine: From Pathogenesis to Future Clinical Implications

Scaldaferri

Ianiro

Privitera

et al. 2020

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

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“…An imbalance in the function and/or the number of these cells will lead to the abnormal cellular and humoral immunity (7,8). Abnormal humoral immunity often leads to excessive activation of autoantigenic T and B cells, resulting in the abnormal production of antibodies, such as rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-cycle citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies, and the deposition of immune complexes in synovial tissue, resulting in persistent synovitis and joint destruction (4,9,10). Innate immune cells, including mast cells, dendritic cells (DCs), innate lymphocytes and adaptive immune cells, such as B cells, plasma cells, follicular regulatory T (TFR) cells and helper T (Th) cells mediate the systemic autoimmune inflammatory response (11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Function and Role of Regulatory T Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis

et al. 2021

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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic and heterogeneous autoimmune disease with symmetrical polyarthritis as its critical clinical manifestation. The basic cause of autoimmune diseases is the loss of tolerance to self or harmless antigens. The loss or functional deficiency of key immune cells, regulatory T (Treg) cells, has been confirmed in human autoimmune diseases. The pathogenesis of RA is complex, and the dysfunction of Tregs is one of the proposed mechanisms underlying the breakdown of self-tolerance leading to the progression of RA. Treg cells are a vital component of peripheral immune tolerance, and the transcription factor Foxp3 plays a major immunosuppressive role. Clinical treatment for RA mainly utilizes drugs to alleviate the progression of disease and relieve disease activity, and the ideal treatment strategy should be to re-induce self-tolerance before obvious tissue injury. Treg cells are one of the ideal options. This review will introduce the classification, mechanism of action, and characteristics of Treg cells in RA, which provides insights into clinical RA treatment.

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“…Autoimmunity commonly features many well-known genetic conditions, such as Turner syndrome (TS), Trisomy 21 or Down syndrome (DS), and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) [1]. The susceptibility toward this disorder has been recently investigated for many other genetic syndromes, such as Kabuki, Noonan, and Klinefelter [2][3][4][5]. In these patients, virtually all autoimmune disorders have been described, in particular thyroid disorders and celiac disease, in addition to alopecia, vitiligo, type 1 diabetes, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In these patients, virtually all autoimmune disorders have been described, in particular thyroid disorders and celiac disease, in addition to alopecia, vitiligo, type 1 diabetes, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Several mechanisms have been attributed to the etiology of autoimmunity, including genetic or acquired defects of immune regulatory pathways, impaired apoptosis, and molecular mimicry to viral or bacterial antigens [5]. Although the exact mechanisms underlying autoimmune diseases are still elusive, it appears as though a pathogenic inflammatory response by self-antigen-specific T cells is frequently involved [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autoimmunity and Genetic Syndromes: A Focus on Down Syndrome

Ferrari

Stagi

2021

Genes

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Within immune system-related diseases, autoimmunity has always represented a field of great interest, although many aspects remain poorly understood even today. Genetic syndromes associated with immunity disorders are common and represent an interesting model for a better understanding of the underlying mechanism of autoimmunity predisposition. Among these conditions, Down syndrome (DS) certainly deserves special attention as it represents the most common genetic syndrome associated with immune dysregulation, involving both innate and adaptive immunity. Autoimmunity represents a well-known complication of DS: it is estimated that people affected by this disease present a risk four to six times higher than the normal population to develop autoimmune diseases such as celiac disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and hypo- or hyperthyroidism. Several factors have been considered as possible etiology, including genetic and epigenetic modifications and immune dysregulation. In times in which the life expectancy of people with DS has been extremely prolonged, thanks to improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart disease and infectious complications, knowledge of the mechanisms and proper management of autoimmune diseases within this syndrome has become essential. In this short review, we aim to report the current literature regarding the genetic, immune, and environmental factors that have been proposed as the possible underlying mechanism of autoimmunity in individuals with DS, with the intent to provide insight for a comprehensive understanding of these diseases in genetic syndromes.

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Understanding the immunopathogenesis of autoimmune diseases by animal studies using gene modulation: A comprehensive review

Cited by 45 publications

References 97 publications

The Thrilling Journey of SARS-CoV-2 into the Intestine: From Pathogenesis to Future Clinical Implications

The Thrilling Journey of SARS-CoV-2 into the Intestine: From Pathogenesis to Future Clinical Implications

Function and Role of Regulatory T Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Autoimmunity and Genetic Syndromes: A Focus on Down Syndrome

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