Understanding the functional inflammatory factors involved in therapeutic response to immune checkpoint inhibitors for pan-cancer

Abstract

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) fight tumor progression by activating immune conditions. The inflammatory factors are playing a functional role in programmed death-1 (PD-1) or other immune checkpoints. They are involved in regulating the expression of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), the only predictor recognized by the guidelines in response to ICIs. In addition, abundant components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) all interact with various immune factors contributing to the response to ICIs, including infiltration of various immune cells, extracellular matrix, and fibroblasts. Notably, the occurrence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in patients receiving ICIs is increasingly observed in sundry organs. IrAEs are often regarded as an inflammatory factor-mediated positive feedback loop associated with better response to ICIs. It deserves attention because inflammatory factors were observed to be different when targeting different immune checkpoints or in the presence of different irAEs. In the present review, we address the research progresses on regulating inflammatory factors for an intentional controlling anti-cancer response with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Monocyte derived Galectin-9 and PD-L1 differentially impair innate and adaptive immune response in various phases of chronic HBV infection

“…Additionally, TNF-α-dependent enhancement of Gal-9-expression had been described earlier in primary astrocytes via TNFR1/JNK/c-Jun signalling pathway [19]. Further, the combined IL-4 and TNF-α treatment had been found to cause synergistic augmentation in PD-L1-expression in renal carcinoma cells [20] while the inductive effect of IL-1β on PD-L1 expression had been demonstrated in lung cancer and glioma cell lines [21].…”

A pan-cancer analysis of the expression and prognostic significance of PDRG1

“…By analyzing gene expression, prognosis, mutation, and function in different tumors using multiple databases, a pan-cancer analysis can reveal similarities and differences between different tumors, providing a new perspective for developing targeted drugs, tumor prevention, and personalized treatment ( 21 ). An increasing number of studies have focused on genome-wide pan-cancer analyses to mine mutated genes and tumor driver genes associated with tumorigenesis and progression, which is important for early diagnosis of tumors and identification of biomarkers ( 22 , 23 ). To have a more systematic and comprehensive understanding of PDRG1, we explored the expression pattern of PDRG1 using a pan-cancer analysis.…”

The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Cancer Immunotherapy: Current Knowledge and Future Directions

“…Based on the presence and positioning of immunological populations in the TME, tumors can be described as “hot”, altered (excluded or inflamed), or “cold”. “Cold” tumors are immune deserts, whereas “hot” tumors are highly infiltrated with effector T cells, presenting a pro-inflammatory phenotype [ 32 , 33 ]. Altered tumors present lower immunogenicity than ‘’hot’’ tumors, as lymphocytes at the periphery are unable to penetrate the TME due to immunosuppressive conditions in situ or structural changes that prevent infiltration [ 29 ].…”