Understanding the effect of organic pollutant fluoranthene on pea in vitro using cytokinins, ethylene, ethane and carbon dioxide as indicators

Abstract

Environmental contaminants like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can influence many biochemical and physiological processes in plants. The effect of 0.1, 1 and 5 mg l -1 of fluoranthene (FLT) in combination with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA, 0.1 mg l -1 ) or a combination of IAA and N 6 -benzyladenine (BA, both 0.1 mg l -1 ) on the growth and production of ethylene, ethane and CO 2 in Pisum sativum L. cultivated for 21 days in vitro was investigated. In 21 days old plants also net photosynthesis rate, content of FLT and cytokinins were evaluated. FLT 5 mg l -1 significantly inhibited the growth of pea after 21 days in both IAA and IAA ? BA treatments, increased production of ethylene (by 11% in IAA and 14% in IAA ? BA treatments, respectively) and ethane (by 28 and 18%) and decreased production of CO 2 (by 23 and 29%). The net photosynthesis rate decreased in response to FLT concentration by up to 51% under saturating irradiation (600-1,200 lmol m -2 s -1 ), as found in IAA ? BA ? FLT 5 mg l -1 treatment. The content of FLT in pea plant shoots well correlated with increasing FLT treatment in both IAA and IAA ? BA medium. The content of cytokinins in pea shoots changed in response to FLT treatment. FLT 5 mg l -1 caused a rise in level of trans-zeatin (by 16% in IAA and 9% in IAA ? BA treatments, respectively), dihydrozeatin riboside (by 27 and 50%), benzyladenine (by 3 and 80%), benzyladenine riboside (by 44 and 17%) and meta-topolin riboside (by 139 and 214%), no change in isopentenyladenine level and a decrease in metatopolin level (by 33% in IAA and 36% in IAA ? BA treatments, respectively). Cultivation of plants in vitro allowed not only to assess their growth, photosynthetic activity and the level of cytokinins, but also to extend the knowledge about the effect of PAHs on production of gaseous stress indicators like ethylene, ethane and CO 2 . Recorded changes in all studied parameters show, that persistent organic pollutants like PAHs can negatively influence plant growth and development.

Fluoranthene-induced production of ethylene and formation of lysigenous intercellular spaces in pea plants cultivated in vitro

“…FLT is one of the most frequent PAHs and selected concentrations simulate low (0.1 mg l -1 ) and high (1 and 5 mg l -1 ) environmental loadings. This work spreads the knowledge presented in the paper Kummerová et al (2010).…”

Effect of organic pollutant treatment on the growth of pea and maize seedlings

“…It is possible that the reduction of NBL in both plant species could be related to the wide range of FLT effects such as toxic and mutagenic effects on meristematic tissue and/or the altered synthesis of cytokinins in the root apex and their interaction with auxin and ethylene [40,41]. Changes in cytokinin level under FLT treatment in pea shoots were described earlier by Kummerová et al [15]. In high FLT treatments all these effects deepened and led to significant reduction of root length.…”

“…It is known that plants respond to the presence of stressors by altering their production of phytohormones [14,15]. This process is influenced by changes in the levels of enzymes that participate in phytohormone biosynthesis, and regulation of the enzymes concerned with degradation or deactivation of xenobiotics [16].…”

In vitrogermination and post-seminal development ofRuta graveolensL. under the influence of phenanthrene and benzo[a]pyrene

“…Não foi observado diferença significativa (p 0,05) nas plântulas expostas ao fenantreno em relação ao comprimento da parte aérea (Figura 2A). Resultados semelhantes foram descritos em plântulas de P. sativum obtidas por germinação em meio de cultura contendo fluoranteno, suplementado com o fitormônio ácido indol-acético, que não apresentaram alteração no seu desenvolvimento (KUMMEROVÁ et al, 2010 (ALKIO et al, 2005).…”

“…Tendo em vista a carência de estudos sobre o efeito dos hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos em espécies vegetais sob condição in vitro (KUMMEROVÁ et al, 2010), este trabalho objetivou avaliar a germinação e o desenvolvimento pós-seminal sob condições in vitro de R. graveolens em meio de cultura contaminado artificialmente com fenantreno e benzo[a]pireno. Germinação in vitro e desenvolvimento pós-seminal de Ruta graveolens L. sob influência de fenantreno e benzo[a]pireno suplementação (MS0) e (ii) meio MS contendo apenas diclorometano (MSDCM).…”