Understanding the complexities of SARS-CoV2 infection and its immunology: A road to immune-based therapeutics

Kumar, Vijay

doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106980

Cited by 34 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 413 publications

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“…The details of the immune response associated with COVID-19 immunopathogenesis have been described in detail by the author in his recent publication [9,16]. Hence, interested readers should also read these articles for details.…”

Section: Cellular Immune Response In Covid-19 Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus human intestinal tract might serve as a transmission route for SARS-CoV2 infection. The authors have discussed this in detail somewhere else [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…But human to human transfer of the SARS-CoV2 has led to the induction of COVID-19 pandemic. The author has discussed the mysteries of SARS-CoV2 evolution and its transfer to humans somewhere else [9]. A recent study has indicated the transfer of SARS-CoV2 to farmed minks (Neovison vison) in a farm from humans that evolved in them and re-infected human population working there [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Type 1 interferons (IFNs) exert more potent antiviral action against SARS-CoV2 as compared to the SARS-CoV [11]. Thus to avoid this antiviral immune response SARS-CoV2 has developed different strategies to block the type 1 IFN generation, which are described by the author somewhere else [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, SARS-CoV2 exploits ACE2 expression via IFNs to increase the infection severity. The details of SARS-CoV causing SARS, MERS-CoV causing middle eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS), and most recent SARS-CoV2 responsible for COVID-19 are described by the author in detail somewhere else [9,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How could we forget immunometabolism in SARS-CoV2 infection or COVID-19?

Kumar

2020

International Reviews of Immunology

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SARS-CoV2 infection or COVID-19 has created panic around the world since its first origin in December 2019 in Wuhan city, China. The COVID-19 pandemic has infected more than 46.4 million people, with 1,199,727 deaths. The immune system plays a crucial role in the severity of COVID-19 and the development of pneumonia-induced acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Along with providing protection, both innate and T cell-based adaptive immune response dysregulate during severe SARS-CoV2 infection. This dysregulation is more pronounced in older population and patients with comorbidities (Diabetes, hypertension, obesity, other pulmonary and autoimmune diseases). However, COVID-19 patients develop protective antibodies (Abs) against SARS-CoV2, but they do not long for last. The induction of the immune response against the pathogen also requires metabolic energy that generates through the process of immunometabolism. The change in the metabolic stage of immune cells from homeostasis to an inflammatory or infectious environment is called immunometabolic reprogramming. The article describes the cellular immunology (macrophages, T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, NK cells and pulmonary epithelial cells (PEC) and vascular endothelial cells) and the associated immune response during COVID-19. Immunometabolism may serve as a cell-specific therapeutic approach to target COVID-19.

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Section: Cellular Immune Response In Covid-19 Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus human intestinal tract might serve as a transmission route for SARS-CoV2 infection. The authors have discussed this in detail somewhere else [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How could we forget immunometabolism in SARS-CoV2 infection or COVID-19?

Kumar

2020

International Reviews of Immunology

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Pathogenesis‐directed therapy of 2019 novel coronavirus disease

Stratton

Tang

2020

Journal of Medical Virology

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The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) now is considered a global public health emergency. One of the unprecedented challenges is defining the optimal therapy for those patients with severe pneumonia and systemic manifestations of COVID‐19. The optimal therapy should be largely based on the pathogenesis of infections caused by this novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). Since the onset of COVID‐19, there have been many prepublications and publications reviewing the therapy of COVID‐19 as well as many prepublications and publications reviewing the pathogenesis of SARS‐CoV‐2. However, there have been no comprehensive reviews that link COVID‐19 therapies to the pathogenic mechanisms of SARS‐CoV‐2. To link COVID‐19 therapies to pathogenic mechanisms of SARS‐CoV‐2, we performed a comprehensive search through MEDLINE, PubMed, medRxiv, EMBASE, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science using the following keywords: COVID‐19, SARS‐CoV‐2, novel 2019 coronavirus, pathology, pathologic, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, coronavirus pneumonia, coronavirus infection, coronavirus pulmonary infection, coronavirus cardiovascular infection, coronavirus gastroenteritis, coronavirus autopsy findings, viral sepsis, endotheliitis, thrombosis, coagulation abnormalities, immunology, humeral immunity, cellular immunity, inflammation, cytokine storm, superantigen, therapy, treatment, therapeutics, immune‐based therapeutics, antiviral agents, respiratory therapy, oxygen therapy, anticoagulation therapy, adjuvant therapy, and preventative therapy. Opinions expressed in this review also are based on personal experience as clinicians, authors, peer reviewers, and editors. This narrative review linking COVID‐19 therapies with pathogenic mechanisms of SARS‐CoV‐2 has resulted in six major therapeutic goals for COVID‐19 therapy based on the pathogenic mechanisms of SARS‐CoV‐2. These goals are listed below: The first goal is identifying COVID‐19 patients that require both testing and therapy. This is best accomplished with a COVID‐19 molecular test from symptomatic patients as well as determining the oxygen saturation in such patients with a pulse oximeter. Whether a symptomatic respiratory illness is COVID‐19, influenza, or another respiratory pathogen, an oxygen saturation less than 90% means that the patient requires medical assistance. The second goal is to correct the hypoxia. This goal generally requires hospitalization for oxygen therapy; other respiratory‐directed therapies such as prone positioning or mechanical ventilation are often used in the attempt to correct hypoxemia due to COVID‐19. The third goal is to reduce the viral load of SARS‐CoV‐2. Ideally, there would be an oral antiviral agent available such as seen with the use of oseltamivir phosphate for influenza. This oral antiviral agent should be taken early in the course of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Such an oral agent is not available yet. Currently, two options are available for reducing the viral load of SARS‐CoV‐2. These are post‐Covid‐1...

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