Understanding the biosynthesis of platelets‐derived extracellular vesicles

Abstract

Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) are described as sub-cellular vesicles released into circulation upon platelets shear stress, activation, injury, or apoptosis. They are considered as universal biomarkers in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. They are of tremendous significance for the prediction, diagnosis, and observation of the therapeutic success of many diseases. Understanding their biosynthesis and therefore functional properties would contribute to a better understanding of the pathological mechanisms leading to various diseases in which their levels are raised and they are implicated. The review takes a critical look at the historical background of PEVs, their structural components, the mechanism of their formation, physiological, and exogenous stimuli inducing their release and their detection. It concludes by highlighting on the importance of undertaking in-depth studies into PEVs biosynthesis and subsequently gaining a better understanding of their biological role in general.

Analysis of extracellular vesicles using magnetic nanoparticles in blood of patients with acute coronary syndrome

“…CD63 is a tetraspanin, which in numerous studies was shown to play a role in formation of various EVs including endothelial EVs [12, 38]. Moreover, it was demonstrated that CD63 (traditionally considered to be a sign of activated platelets [39]) should be detected on the majority of platelet-derived vesicles, which can be released only upon activation or death of platelets due to structural features of the platelet membrane [40, 41]. Thus, use of this marker allowed additional characterization of EVs released both from platelets and from endothelium cells.…”

Platelet-derived Extracellular Vesicles: An Emerging Therapeutic Approach

“…The biomolecules carried by EVs, including proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, are reflective of the cell of origin 11 . Although the distinguishing characteristics of EVs in blood still remain unclear, some specific features have been identified, such as prostate-specific antigen on exosomes in urine from patients as markers of prostate cancer-derived EVs 12 , claudin on exosomes in peripheral blood as markers of ovarian cancer 13 , and several potential markers including CD31, CD41, CD42a, CD62p (P-selectin), platelet factor 4 (PF4) and glycoproteins IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) as markers of platelet-derived EVs 14 .…”

A comprehensive proteomic SWATH-MS workflow for profiling blood extracellular vesicles: a new avenue for glioma tumour surveillance

“…In the literature, there are no definitive propositions for the use of plasma over sera for EV biomarker discovery. The process to separate serum from blood first requires blood coagulation, which causes platelet activation and leads to increased platelet-EV secretion [61]. Sera also comprises a higher proportion of particles larger than 200 nm, compared to plasma [62] and thus plasma was selected as the starting material to optimise our biomarker workflow.…”