“…Mrugalska and Wyrwicka, 2017; Tortorella and Fretterman, 2017; Duarte and Cruz-Machado, 2017; Tortorella et al ., 2019a, etc.). Indeed, very few authors have studied how Industry 4.0 can affect the practices of lean (Buer et al , 2018; Rosin et al , 2019) and to the best of our knowledge, no work empirically has addressed the connection between Industry 4.0 technologies and the integrated lean and agile strategies despite literature backing of the complementary nature of the two SC strategies (see Naylor et al , 1999; Christopher and Towill, 2000; Virmani et al , 2017; Raji et al , 2021). The current research bridges the existing gap by presenting an exploratory study towards investigating the relationships and linkages of Industry 4.0 technologies with lean and agile SC strategies.…”