Understanding the 2004 glacier detachment in the Amney Machen Mountains, northeastern Tibetan Plateau, via multi-phase modeling

Zhang, Taigang; Wang, Weicai; Shen, Ziheng; Zhan, Nuo; Wang, Zhongyan; An, Baosheng

doi:10.1007/s10346-022-01989-2

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Field-based assessments, repeat photography, time-lapse satellite imagery, and glacial lake risk hazard assessment tools [43] were used for the analyses of potentially dangerous glacial lakes. For the August 2022 ice-debris avalanche study in the Nupchu valley, historic satellite imagery and oblique photography were employed, and numerical simulations of avalanche volumes were conducted using R.Avaflow version 3 [44], a state-of-the-art software that has been used globally to study ice/rock avalanche events [45]. For the historical GLOF analyses within the KCA [46], CORONA and Landsat 2 and 5 data platforms were conducted after the oral testimony field phase to determine if flood-related landscape features could either support or challenge the local reports of contemporary and historical flood occurrence.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Changing Ecology of a High Himalayan Valley: Challenges to the Sustainable Development of the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, Eastern Nepal

Byers,

Shrestha,

Zackary

et al. 2024

Sustainability

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The Kanchenjunga Conservation Area (KCA) is a high mountain protected area (MPA) in eastern Nepal undergoing socioeconomic and environmental changes that are unprecedented in the region’s history. In the following paper, we discuss recent changes involving new road construction, climate change, adventure tourism, and the wildlife/forest cover/medicinal plant sectors. Our assessments are based on the collective results of past and recent field research, remote sensing analysis, oral histories, and literature reviews. While similar changes are occurring in MPAs throughout Nepal, it is suggested that the KCA differs from other regions in that it still retains the option of conducting detailed feasibility, environmental, and impact assessments prior to the implementation of major change-associated projects, particularly the construction of roads. In turn, the KCA might avoid many of the environmental, social, and economic problems experienced elsewhere in Nepal, while enhancing its status, income-generating capacities, and sustainability as a global destination for adventure, nature, and cultural tourism.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Changing Ecology of a High Himalayan Valley: Challenges to the Sustainable Development of the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, Eastern Nepal

Byers,

Shrestha,

Zackary

et al. 2024

Sustainability

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“…As a result of the current glacier recession, proglacial lakes are forming and expanding all over the world. Between 1980 and 2018, the number and area of proglacial lakes in the world rose by almost 50% [152]. With the ongoing climate warming, hazards related to glaciers and glacial lakes are expected to increase in the future.…”

Section: Glof Susceptibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Hazard and Risk Assessment of Gangabal Lake in the Upper Jhelum Basin of Kashmir Himalaya Using Geospatial Technology and Hydrodynamic Modeling

et al. 2022

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Climate warming-induced glacier recession has resulted in the development and rapid expansion of glacial lakes in the Himalayan region. The increased melting has enhanced the susceptibility for Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) in the region. The catastrophic failure of potentially dangerous glacial lakes could be detrimental to human life and infrastructure in the adjacent low-lying areas. This study attempts to assess the GLOF hazard of Gangabal lake, located in the Upper Jhelum basin of Kashmir Himalaya, using the combined approaches of remote sensing, GIS, and dam break modeling. The parameters, such as area change, ice thickness, mass balance, and surface velocity of the Harmukh glacier, which feeds Gangabal lake, were also assessed using multitemporal satellite data, GlabTop-2, and the Cosi–Corr model. In the worst-case scenario, 100% volume (73 × 106 m3) of water was considered to be released from the lake with a breach formation time (bf) of 40 min, breach width (bw) of 60 m, and producing peak discharge of 16,601.03 m3/s. Our results reveal that the lake area has increased from 1.42 km2 in 1972 to 1.46 km2 in 1981, 1.58 km2 in 1992, 1.61 km2 in 2001, 1.64 km2 in 2010, and 1.66 km2 in 2020. The lake area experienced 17 ± 2% growth from 1972 to 2020 at an annual rate of 0.005 km2. The feeding glacier (Harmukh) contrarily indicated a significant area loss of 0.7 ± 0.03 km2 from 1990 (3.36 km2) to 2020 (2.9 km2). The glacier has a maximum, minimum, and average depth of 85, 7.3, and 23.46 m, respectively. In contrast, the average velocity was estimated to be 3.2 m/yr with a maximum of 7 m/yr. The results obtained from DEM differencing show an average ice thickness loss of 11.04 ± 4.8 m for Harmukh glacier at the rate of 0.92 ± 0.40 m/yr between 2000 and 2012. Assessment of GLOF propagation in the worst-case scenario (scenario-1) revealed that the maximum flood depth varies between 3.87 and 68 m, the maximum flow velocity between 4 and 75 m/s, and the maximum water surface elevation varies between 1548 and 3536 m. The resultant flood wave in the worst-case scenario will reach the nearest location (Naranaag temple) within 90 min after breach initiation with a maximum discharge of 12,896.52 m3 s−1 and maximum flood depth and velocity of 10.54 m and 10.05 m/s, respectively. After evaluation of GLOF impacts on surrounding areas, the area under each inundated landuse class was estimated through the LULC map generated for both scenarios 1 and 2. In scenario 1, the total potentially inundated area was estimated as 5.3 km2, which is somewhat larger than 3.46 km2 in scenario 2. We suggest a location-specific comprehensive investigation of Gangbal lake and Harmukh glacier by applying the advanced hazard and risk assessment models/methods for better predicting a probable future GLOF event.

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A massive lateral moraine collapse triggered the 2023 South Lhonak Lake outburst flood, Sikkim Himalayas

Zhang,

Wang,

2024

Landslides

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Understanding the 2004 glacier detachment in the Amney Machen Mountains, northeastern Tibetan Plateau, via multi-phase modeling

Cited by 6 publications

References 68 publications

The Changing Ecology of a High Himalayan Valley: Challenges to the Sustainable Development of the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, Eastern Nepal

The Changing Ecology of a High Himalayan Valley: Challenges to the Sustainable Development of the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, Eastern Nepal

Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Hazard and Risk Assessment of Gangabal Lake in the Upper Jhelum Basin of Kashmir Himalaya Using Geospatial Technology and Hydrodynamic Modeling

A massive lateral moraine collapse triggered the 2023 South Lhonak Lake outburst flood, Sikkim Himalayas

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