Understanding Soil Erosion by Water to Improve Soil Conservation

Grigar, Jerry; Duiker, Sjoerd W.; Flanagan, D. C.

doi:10.1002/crso.20030

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Considering physical soil degradation, water erosion can be distinguished in particular [7,8]. This negative phenomenon covers a wide spectrum of processes such as the splash, surface runoff, rill and gully erosion or transport of soil material to rivers and water bodies [9,10]. Although water erosion has been the subject of research for many years, the vast majority of studies related to this phenomenon are based mainly on large-scale measurements (field experiments or catchments) [11,12] and laboratory analyses with the use of rainfall simulators [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of slope incline on the ejection of two-phase soil splashed material

et al. 2022

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Soil splash is the first step in the process of water erosion, where impacting raindrops cause the detachment and transport of soil material. One of the factors that strongly influences the magnitude of soil splash is the incline of the surface (slope). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the slope on the course of the splash phenomenon caused by single-drop impact (one drop impact per soil sample), with respect to the mass and proportions of the ejected material, taking into account its division into solid and liquid phases i.e. soil and water. The investigation was carried out using three types of soil with different textures, in moistened (pressure head corresponding to -1.0 kPa) and air-dry (-1500 kPa) conditions. The soil samples were on three angles of slope, being 5°, 15°, and 30°, respectively. After a single-drop impact with a diameter of 4.2 mm, the ejected material was collected using a splash cup. The following quantities of splashed material were measured: the total mass, the mass of the solid phase, and the mass of the liquid phase. Additionally, the distribution and proportions (soil/water) of the splashed material were analysed in both the upslope and downslope directions. It was found that: (i) the change of slope had a variable influence on the measured quantities for different soils; (ii) in the case of moistened samples, the measured values were mainly influenced by the texture, while in the dry samples, by the angle of the slope; (iii) with the increase of slope, the splashed material was mostly ejected in the downslope direction (irrespective of moisture conditions); (iv) in the moistened samples, the ejected material consisted mostly of water, while in the dry samples it was soil—this occurred for material ejected both upslope and downslope. The obtained results are important for improving the physical description of the process of splash erosion. A more thorough understanding and better recognition of the mechanisms governing this phenomenon at all stages could contribute to the development of more effective methods for protecting soil against erosion.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of slope incline on the ejection of two-phase soil splashed material

et al. 2022

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“…Splash erosion occurs at the initial stages of soil water erosion [13][14][15][16]. The first stage of water erosion is the splash phenomenon, when raindrops falling on the soil surface cause the loosening and ejection of soil particles, which are displaced over different distances [17,18]. Splash erosion is directly related to the breakdown of soil aggregates [8,9,[19][20][21], the enhancement of aggregates dispersion and transport [22][23][24][25][26], and surface crusting [27], resulting in changes to soil infiltration parameters [28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of High-Speed Cameras as a Tool for the Characterization of Raindrops in Splash Laboratory Studies

Fernández‐Raga

Cabeza-Ortega

González-Castro

et al. 2021

Water

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Measuring the characteristics of raindrops is essential for different processes studies. There have been many methods used throughout history to measure raindrops. In recent years, automatic image recognition and processing systems have been used with high-speed cameras to characterize rainfall by obtaining the spectrum of droplet sizes and their speeds and thus being able to use this technology to calibrate rainfall simulators. In this work, two phases were carried out: in the first one, individual drops with terminal speeds of different sizes were measured and processed both in speed and in shape with a high-speed camera; and in the second phase, a calibration procedure was designed but in multidrop images, determining the characteristics of the drops produced by a rain simulator. According to results, the real shape of each drop depending on the size was determined, from round to ovaloid shapes, and the terminal velocity of water drops with different sizes was measured. Based on the rain images used to calibrate a rainfall simulator, it was observed that, with a higher intensity of rain, the drops produced were smaller, which contrasts with real rain, in which just the opposite happens. This calibration evaluates their resemblance to reality, calculates the real kinetic energy of the rain they produce and see if they can be used to model events in nature.

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