“…Haefele et al, 1992;Holmes and Kramer, 1995;Aldy et al, 1999). Examples of threat-based studies include those aimed at contingent valuation of managing white pine blister rust, which affects five-needle pine species (Meldrum et al, 2011(Meldrum et al, , 2013Meldrum, 2015), and contingent valuation of control programmes for hemlock woolly adelgid, which damages eastern hemlock and Carolina hemlock (Moore et al, 2011;Poudyal et al, 2016). As considered later, research participants may not evaluate tree species independently in an ecosystem, but the present study does more narrowly perform a contingent valuation of managing the WBP species rather than managing an ecosystem or a broader threat.…”