Understanding Postprandial Inflammation and Its Relationship to Lifestyle Behaviour and Metabolic Diseases

Abstract

Postprandial hyperlipidemia with accumulation of remnant lipoproteins is a common metabolic disturbance associated with atherosclerosis and vascular dysfunction, particularly during chronic disease states such as obesity, the metabolic syndrome and, diabetes. Remnant lipoproteins become attached to the vascular wall, where they can penetrate intact endothelium causing foam cell formation. Postprandial remnant lipoproteins can activate circulating leukocytes, upregulate the expression of endothelial adhesion molecules, facilitate adhesion and migration of inflammatory cells into the subendothelial space, and activate the complement system. Since humans are postprandial most of the day, the continuous generation of remnants after each meal may be one of the triggers for the development of atherosclerosis. Modulation of postprandial lipemia by lifestyle changes and pharmacological interventions could result in a further decrease of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. This paper will provide an update on current concepts concerning the relationship between postprandial lipemia, inflammation, vascular function, and therapeutic options.

Dairy products and inflammation: A review of the clinical evidence

“…In addition, postprandial inflammation is part of the normal stress reaction of the cell in response to the ingestion of food (HernandezAguilera et al, 2013). Nutrients thus appear to be able to modulate the inflammatory status of humans and inflammation has consequently emerged as an important research topic in food and nutrition sciences (Calder et al, 2011;Calder et al, 2013;Klop et al, 2012).…”

“…Indeed, many articles have been published on this relationship, but systematic reviews are scarce (Labonte et al, 2013) and incomplete. The association between the consumption of dairy products and inflammation in humans, thus merits clarification for the following reasons: (i) milk and dairy products play qualitatively and quantitatively an important role in human nutrition (Haug et al, 2007); (ii) inflammation, in particular low-grade systemic inflammation, has a significant impact on human health and longevity (Candore et al, 2010); (iii) nutrient metabolism and inflammation are mechanistically closely interconnected (Hotamisligil, 2006;Calder et al, 2011;Klop et al, 2012;Calder et al, 2013;Hernandez-Aguilera et al, 2013).…”

To Restore Health, “Do we Have to Go Back to the Future?” The Impact of a 4-Day Paleolithic Lifestyle Change on Human Metabolism – a Pilot Study.

“…A postprandial inflammatory reaction can be observed, if meals contain high amounts of fat along with with refined sugar or linoleic acid [32] [33]. This also applies when humans consume grain-fed animal meat [34] [35] [36]. As a consequence, the postprandial inflammation acts as the catalyst for the development of endothelial dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, obesity, IR and chronic LGI [37] [30] [38] [39].…”

Disease Activity, Oxidized-LDL Fraction and Anti-Oxidized LDL Antibodies Influence Cardiovascular Risk in Rheumatoid Arthritis

“…low-density lipoprotein (LDL), can enter subendothelial space and can convert macrophages that have taken them up into foam cells. However, LDL has to be oxidized (oxLDL) in order to induce foam cell formation [13]. Inflammatory cells involved in RA pathogenesis, such as macrophages and lymphocytes, stimulate reactive oxygen species, leading to increases in oxLDL levels.…”