Understanding perceptions of recovery from psychological distress in Sierra Leone through qualitative comparative analysis

Abstract

Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) is a relatively new method that examines causal complexity. Its use in mental health research is nascent. In low-income and fragile settings, with weak mental health service provision, identifying pathways of recovery from psychological distress can inform the appropriate deployment of scarce community and public resources. This paper examines the use of QCA to identify predictors of recovery in Sierra Leone. Our study explored lay perceptions of the signs of recovery from psychological distress caused by such events as the loss of a family member, severe sickness, and loss of a relationship. The data drew upon 75 interviews with women and men, across four districts of Sierra Leone, who described the signs of recovery from psychological distress they have observed in one person known to them. The truth table generated through QCA software indicated two signs of recovery— work/study and healthy relations—to be the most prevalent across different combinations of predictive factors. Further analysis of the truth table and sub-set relations suggested that work/study and healthy relations frequently served as sufficient conditions for reported recovery from distress to occur. QCA provided a means to identify sufficient predictive factors for recovery from psychological distress to occur. The findings suggest that to enable recovery from psychological distress, support needs to be broad and bring together services that will enable individuals to improve their social and relational wellbeing. Responses to distress need to involve a wide range of community-based stakeholders who will help individuals to engage in constructive activity and strengthen relations with their family members, friends, and the broader community. QCA is potentially well-positioned to unpack complexity in mental health research.

Social determinants of psychological distress in Sierra Leone

“…The findings of this study demonstrate that a strengthened economic situation, centred around enhanced income-generating opportunities, would make a particularly significant impact on mental health in Sierra Leone. Our findings reinforce those from other contexts in emphasising the importance of employment as a protective factor against mental disorders, especially for men [ 34 , 40 , 41 ]. Practical interventions on promoting access to education and employment opportunities have been shown to have positive effects on mental health [ 32 , 34 , 35 ].…”

A Qualitative Comparative Analysis to explore the predictors of individuals’ willingness towards vaccination

“…In addition, Coverage represents the percentage of cases involved in the solution combinations being assessed [ 25 , 29 , 30 ]. Consistency is generally set above 0.8 for the pathway to be considered a significant outcome predictor [ 25 ].…”

“…In addition, Coverage represents the percentage of cases involved in the solution combinations being assessed [ 25 , 29 , 30 ]. Consistency is generally set above 0.8 for the pathway to be considered a significant outcome predictor [ 25 ]. However, a coverage of 0.6 does not imply lower relevance to the pathway, instead of configuration with a low coverage could easily be considered for the interpretation [ 25 , 30 ].…”

“…This would offer a comprehensive understanding of certain particular reasons why individuals choose to get immunized thereby using the inferences of this study for influencing individuals to engage in the pro-vaccination behaviour. The study aims to identify the predictors of the outcome or the desire to be vaccinated among individuals by deploying the QCA approach as it is widely used and proven to be the best fit to compare and explore causal conditions for qualitative study [ 25 ]. In conclusion, exploring the variables that predict individuals' willingness and unwillingness towards vaccination as well as identifying the conditions that are both necessary and sufficient to promote their willingness to vaccinate are the main purposes of this study.…”