“…With fuel economy standards pushing forward to further reduce emissions, downsizing and turbocharging will continue to be adopted in new gaoline powered vehicles [6,7], and therefore to be operated at regimes (low engine speed) and loads (high load) where LSPI events are more likely to occur. This phenomenon is therefore a setback to continue the development of these technologies and new engine designs, affecting fuel economy improvements and the reduction of emissions [8,9].…”