Understanding low fertility in Poland

Selected Gender Gap Indicators – Comparison of V4 Countries within EU Context

“…The gender inequality in economic participation and opportunities within Visegrad region have become of interest of researchers whose outcomes reflect the subindex evolution for these four countries. The subindex components like female labor force participation is reflected in uncovering discriminatory practices by employers against pregnant women and women with small children being decisive in women's decisions to postpone or forego childbearing (Mishtal, 2009), consequences of reconciling work with family care, like the negative and significant impact of motherhood reducing the likelihood of career choices in the Czech Republic (Brožová, 2015), negative impact of lengthy parental leave on chances to return to labor market in Hungary (Fodor and Kispeter, 2014), labor market discrimination of women due to their motherhood in Poland (Heinen and Wator, 2006), Czech society making parenthood a significant handicap for the social inclusion of women who are mothers of young children in the Czech Republic (Křížková and Vohlídalová, 2009). Further wage discrimination war mirrored in proving motherhood wage penalty in Czech Republic (Žofková, 2014), gender discrimination explaining about half of the wage gap across Visegrad countries (Pailhe, 2000) and further gender biased remuneration studies (Vlachová, 2014;Mysíková, 2012;Balcar, 2012;Pytlíková, 2012;Křížková et al, 2010).…”

“…Scientists studied discrimination on the labor market (Žofková, 2014;Brožová, 2006;Mishtal, 2009, Pailhe, 2000Joliffe and Campos, 2005), on consequences of reconciling work with family care (Brožová, 2015;Fodor and Kispeter, 2014;Heinen and Wator, 2006; Křížková and Vohlídalová, 2009), horizontal segregation (Picka, 2014;Piscová, 2003), gender balance in the field of remuneration (Vlachová, 2014;Mysíková, 2012;Balcar, 2012;Pytlíková, 2012;Křížková et al, 2010) and vertical segregation (Křečková, 2013;Křečková Kroupová, 2009;Piscová, 2003). Relationship of gender gap, competitiveness and…”

Do costs and benefits of children matter for religious people? Perceived consequences of parenthood and fertility intentions in Poland

“…Nevertheless, the more religious in Poland express more positive attitudes towards marriage and are more inclined to choose marriage over cohabitation (Baranowska-Rataj et al, 2014). The religious also express larger desired family sizes (Mishtal, 2009).…”

Gender Discrimination in the Workplace: Effects on Pregnancy Planning and Childbirth among South Korean Women

“…Verniers and Vala state that certain myths imbuing women with specific abilities for domestic and parental work result in the traditional distribution of gender roles being maintained, and more blatant gender inequalities in the workplace [12]. Worldwide, gendered discrimination in employment results in women’s decisions to postpone or to refuse childbearing [13] from fear that employers have less interest in hiring, promoting and educating working mothers [14]. Many women may also quit their jobs following childbirth to raise their children, and this is likely to affect their pregnancy planning decisions [15].…”

“…Many women may also quit their jobs following childbirth to raise their children, and this is likely to affect their pregnancy planning decisions [15]. Widespread fear of discrimination by employers against pregnant women, new mothers and women with small children has been associated with women’s decisions to postpone or refuse childbearing [7,13,16]. For example, in Poland, working women find it difficult to give birth unless there is a babcia (grandmother) who is available and willing to provide childcare [13].…”