Understanding Key-Informant Experiences and Perceptions of the 2016 Drought and Wildfires in Western North Carolina

Abstract

In 2016, an exceptional drought and subsequent wildfires devastated the southeastern United States. Western North Carolina (WNC), a socioeconomically growing region that is dependent on revenue from tourism and agriculture, was particularly impacted by the events. The Southeast is not typically considered to be water vulnerable, and few studies have explored drought and wildfire in WNC. However, the region is projected to experience elevated water vulnerability as a result of rapid population growth and increased climatic variability. The recent events highlight the need for better understanding of water-related experiences and perceptions to inform proactive policies for risk mitigation in WNC. To evaluate stakeholder experiences and perceptions relating to the events in 2016, the authors conducted telephone interviews with key informants from a variety of sectors in two counties (Buncombe and Watauga) and then subjected their responses to content analysis. Informants frequently discussed themes relating to the “Natural Resources and Environment” code group, with responses revealing concerns about the health effects of smoke exposure, as well as water quantity. Other common topics of discussion for informants include water management, public awareness, and disaster severity. The prevalence of other themes varied by county, demonstrating the importance of local context. Surprisingly, informants rarely discussed risk in the context of increasing population and development, suggesting that current policies may inadequately address future risks. Stakeholders across all sectors placed substantial emphasis on information dissemination both within agencies and to the public. With a better understanding of key-informant experiences and perceptions, policymakers will be better equipped to address policy shortcomings as well as to prepare for future hazards.

Repeat wildfire and smoke experiences shared by four communities in Southern California: local impacts and community needs

“…Similar health effects have been documented in other communities experiencing smoke from fires, including Indigenous populations in Canada [34, 45,49], communities in the US, and in Australia [47]. Respiratory impacts from wildfire smoke compounded by already poor air quality have been documented in farmworker communities, with those working outside in the smoke and heat being disproportionately affected [3, 23,46,50,51]. Extreme heat can amplify the health impacts from smoke and fire.…”

Wildfire Smoke and Protective Actions in Canadian Indigenous Communities

“…The nature of a person's employment can impact their ability to respond to wildfire smoke, with general population studies finding outdoor workers being especially vulnerable to PM 2.5 exposure and not having the option to retreat indoors and miss work [68,69]. For low-income households with no safety nets to fall back on, people are willing to continue working in unsafe conditions because they depend on the income to maintain their livelihood and provide for their family [68,70].…”