Understanding Internet Usage and Network Locality in a Rural Community Wireless Mesh Network

Lertsinsrubtavee, Adisorn; Wang, Liang; Sathiaseelan, Arjuna; Crowcroft, Jon; Weshsuwannarugs, Nunthaphat; Tunpan, Apinun; Kanchanasut, Kanchana

doi:10.1145/2837030.2837033

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…2) Community Networks using WiFi Mesh: Community networks using WiFi mesh networks are also deployed, e.g., [230,231], even in urban areas where the objective is to benefit from the dense availability of WiFi APs to reduce the costs of broadband access [230]. In community networks, since in general people within the same rural community have similar interests, prefetching of popular content during off-peak hours and content caching would help in avoiding congestion over the backhaul bandwidth that is likely to be limited in rural areas [231].…”

Section: H Community Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity—Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

2020

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Providing connectivity to around half of the world population living in rural or underprivileged areas is a tremendous challenge, but also a unique opportunity. Access to the internet would provide the population living in these areas a possibility to progress on the educational, health, environment, and business levels. In this paper, a survey of technologies for providing connectivity to rural areas, and that can help address this challenge, is provided. Although access/fronthaul and backhaul techniques are discussed in the paper, it is noted that the major limitation for providing connectivity to rural and underprivileged areas is the cost of backhaul deployment. In addition, energy requirements and cost efficiency of the studied technologies are analyzed. In fact, the challenges faced for deploying an electricity network, as a prerequisite for deploying communication networks, are huge in these areas and they are granted an important share of the discussions in this paper. Furthermore, typical application scenarios in rural areas are discussed, and several country-specific use cases are surveyed. The main

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Section: H Community Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity—Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

2020

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“…Community networks using WiFi mesh networks are also deployed, e.g., [212,213], even in urban areas where the objective is to benefit from the dense availability of WiFi APs to reduce the costs of broadband access [212]. In community networks, since in general people within the same rural community have similar interests, pre-fetching of popular content during off-peak hours and content caching would help in avoiding congestion over the backhaul bandwidth that is likely to be limited in rural areas [213].…”

Section: J Community Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity - Connecting the Remaining 4 Billions: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

Yaacoub¹,

Alouini²

2019

Preprint

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DRAFT 4) Hyper Connected: This scenario corresponds to people enjoying state-of-the-art connectivity, e.g., at least 4G and possibly 5G cellular connectivity, and/or with high speed fixed DSL or FTTH or FTTN connectivity. These subscribers typically live in urban areas, and it is extremely difficult to find them in rural areas, due to the numerous barriers discussed previously. This paper surveys the literature aiming to provide basic connectivity to the unconnected population, or aiming to increase the connectivity level of those with basic connectivity ("Under Hence, the challenges for FSO in space are less critical, and indeed significantly better performance can be achieved, especially due to the fact that the optical signal is not traversing the atmosphere. In 2008, an optical inter-satellite link achieved a data rate transmission of 5.6 Gbps for distances up to 5, 000 km in the European Data Relay satellite System (EDRS). Newer terminals can transmit at a data rate of 1.8 Gbps for distances up to 45, 000 km. The intersatellite Ka band link achieved 300 Mbps [44]. In EDRS, LEO satellites relay the data from ground stations to GEO satellites using FSO for the GEO-LEO satellite communication, and RF bands for communication with the ground stations (similarly to the satellite-satellite Ka link, the satellite-ground Ka link achieved 300 Mbps) [44]. Some of the recent satellite constellations discussed in Section II-E, e.g., Starlink, are also expected to use FSO for its inter-satellite communication [45,46,47]. D. HAPs/Drones/UAVs/BalloonsTo solve the coverage problem in large rural areas without relying on the deployment of costly wired infrastructure for backhaul, HAPs and UAVs are generally recommended [48].UAVs are proposed in [49] to provide backhaul connectivity for ground 5G base stations. A steering algorithm to allow the antennas of the UAV and the ground BS to be dynamically steered towards each other is proposed in [49], and tested via an experimental setup. In[50], a multihop network of HAPs is proposed for providing backhaul connectivity to TVWS deployments in rural areas. The HAPs communicate with each other using mmWave frequencies, and with the ground stations using FSO.An interference alignment scheme to maximize the sum-rate capacity of HAPs communicating with GSs is proposed in [51]. The scheme assumes M HAP drones and N GSs, with no CSI at the HAPs. A tethered balloon with (M − 1) × (N − 1) antennas is used as a decode and forward (DF) relay with half-duplex operation: The HAPs transmit their data to the GSs first, then the tethered balloon relays the data after performing pre-coding [51].Aerostats filled with lighter than air gas are tethered to the ground and used to provide connectivity to rural areas in [52]. Although these tethered aerostats can be used to provide backhaul connectivity by communicating with each other using directive antennas, they were also used in [52] to provide fronthaul WiFi access by using high gain omnidirectional antennas.

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“…The importance of local relationships in a CN [36] is also evidenced in three independent studies addressing a rural village in Zambia [34], the TakNet CN, in the rural area of northern Thailand [38], as well as Australian and Greek CNs in [37]. In this last study, 91.2% of the users stated that they enjoyed interacting with the community, 88% felt that their efforts would be returned by other community members and 80.5% expressed that the community allowed them to work with people that they could trust and share similar interests.…”

Section: B Active Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ability to compete with other people and satisfy one's self esteem through the involvement in the community, or receive a certain type of credit by others in the community, are motives not as easy to distinguish but still present [37], [38], [34], [35] and with an impact on network growth and operation [61], [10].…”

Section: B Active Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community Networks and Sustainability: A Survey of Perceptions, Practices, and Proposed Solutions

Micholia

Karaliopoulos

Koutsopoulos

et al. 2018

IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials

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Index Terms-Community networks, sustainability, incentive mechanisms.Abstract-Community network (CN) initiatives have been around for roughly two decades, evangelizing a distinctly different paradigm for building, maintaining, and sharing network infrastructure but also defending the basic human right to Internet access. Over this time they have evolved into a mosaic of systems that vary widely with respect to their network technologies, their offered services, their organizational structure, and the way they position themselves in the overall telecommunications' ecosystem. Common to all these highly differentiated initiatives is the sustainability challenge. We approach sustainability as a broad term with an economical, political, and cultural context. We first review the different perceptions of the term. These vary both across and within the different types of stakeholders involved in CNs and are reflected in their motivation to join such initiatives. Then, we study the diverse ways that CN operators pursue the sustainability goal. Depending on the actual context of the term, these range all the way from mechanisms to fund their activities and synergistic approaches with commercial service providers, to organizational structures and social activities that serve as incentives to maximize the engagement of their members. Finally, we iterate and discuss theoretical concepts of incentive mechanisms that have been proposed in the literature for these networks as well as implemented tools and processes designed to set the ground for CN participation. While, theoretical mechanisms leverage game theory, reputation frameworks, and social mechanisms, implemented mechanisms focus on organizational matters, education and services, all aiming to motivate the active and sustained participation of users and other actors in the CN.

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Understanding Internet Usage and Network Locality in a Rural Community Wireless Mesh Network

Cited by 14 publications

References 18 publications

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity—Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity—Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity - Connecting the Remaining 4 Billions: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

Community Networks and Sustainability: A Survey of Perceptions, Practices, and Proposed Solutions

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