Understanding individual differences in environmental-risk exposure.

Rutter, Michael; Champion, Lorna; Quinton, David; Maughan, Barbara; Pickles, Andrew

doi:10.1037/10176-002

Cited by 57 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…Furthermore, almost all causal pathways involve several different phases. For example, the pathway to the psychological or psychopathological end point does not begin with a causal risk factor, it must be preceded by the pathway leading to exposure to the risk factor (Rutter, Champion, Quinton, Maughan, & Pickles, 1995). Thus, if the hypothesized cause is, say, maternal binge drinking during pregnancy or paternal physical abuse in early childhood, what led to the parent behaving in this way?…”

Section: What Is Meant By Causementioning

confidence: 99%

Proceeding From Observed Correlation to Causal Inference: The Use of Natural Experiments

Rutter

2007

Perspect Psychol Sci

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324

357

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ABSTRACT-This article notes five reasons why a correlation between a risk (or protective) factor and some specified outcome might not reflect environmental causation. In keeping with numerous other writers, it is noted that a causal effect is usually composed of a constellation of components acting in concert. The study of causation, therefore, will necessarily be informative on only one or more subsets of such components. There is no such thing as a single basic necessary and sufficient cause. Attention is drawn to the need (albeit unobservable) to consider the counterfactual (i.e., what would have happened if the individual had not had the supposed risk experience). Fifteen possible types of natural experiments that may be used to test causal inferences with respect to naturally occurring prior causes (rather than planned interventions) are described. These comprise five types of genetically sensitive designs intended to control for possible genetic mediation (as well as dealing with other issues), six uses of twin or adoptee strategies to deal with other issues such as selection bias or the contrasts between different environmental risks, two designs to deal with selection bias, regression discontinuity designs to take into account unmeasured confounders, and the study of contextual effects. It is concluded that, taken in conjunction, natural experiments can be very helpful in both strengthening and weakening causal inferences.From an early point in their training, all behavioral scientists are taught that statistically significant correlations do not necessarily mean any kind of causative effect. Nevertheless, the literature is full of studies with findings that are exclusively based on correlational evidence. Researchers tend to fall into one of two camps with respect to how they react to the problem. First, there are those who are careful to use language that avoids any direct claim for causation, and yet, in the discussion section of their papers, they imply that the findings do indeed mean causation. Second, there are those that completely accept the inability to make a causal inference on the basis of simple correlation or association and, instead, take refuge in the claim that they are studying only associations and not causation. This second, ''pure'' approach sounds safer, but it is disingenuous because it is difficult to see why anyone would be interested in statistical associations or correlations if the findings were not in some way relevant to an understanding of causative mechanisms.Some researchers argue that only laboratory experiments or randomized controlled trials (RCTs) allow any firm causal inference. Of course, it is true that both provide a much needed control that allows rigorous testing of the causal hypothesis and takes account of unmeasured confounders. Nevertheless, there are many risk factors for which neither laboratory experiments nor RCTs are feasible or ethical. That would apply, for example, to experiences such as maltreatment, life stresses, or child neglect. How should thes...

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Section: What Is Meant By Causementioning

confidence: 99%

Proceeding From Observed Correlation to Causal Inference: The Use of Natural Experiments

Rutter

2007

Perspect Psychol Sci

Self Cite

324

357

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This type of model allows for the possibility that victimization serves as a proxy for a cluster of broader environmental and relationship variables. For example, it is widely acknowledged that separate components of familial environments are not randomly distributed in the general population (Rutter, Champion, Quinton, Maughan, & Pickles, 1995). Rather, family conflict, negative child rearing behaviors, low SES, and low familial resources tend to cluster together.…”

Section: What Is the Role Of Victimization In Girls' Aggression?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nipping psychopathy in the bud: an examination of the convergent, predictive, and theoretical utility of the PCL‐YV among adolescent girls

Odgers

Reppucci

Moretti

2005

Behavioral Sci & The Law

105

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Over the last decade rates of violence among adolescent girls have increased. Within high-risk contexts, urgent calls for assessment options have resulted in the extension of adult and male-based instruments to adolescent females in spite of the absence of strong empirical support. The current study evaluates the downward extension of psychopathy within a population of female juvenile offenders (N ¼ 125). The convergent and predictive validity of the Psychopathy Checklist-Youth Version (PCL-YV) were evaluated within a structural equation modeling (SEM) framework. Results indicated that while a specific component of psychopathy, deficient affective experience, was related to aggression, the effect was negated once victimization experiences were entered into the models. In addition, PCL-YV scores were not predictive of future offending, while victimization experiences significantly increased the odds of re-offending. Implications for research, policy, and clinical practice are discussed.

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“…Depuis les années 1960, Bronfenbrenner a influencé et changé la vision des sciences sociales en développant ce modèle (Alwin, 1995;Cairns & Cairns, 1995). En fait, cet auteur est considéré comme le pionnier de l'approche bioécologique (Magnusson, 1995) et ses travaux ont fourni une importante contribution aux sciences sociales (Rutter, Champion, Quinton, Maughan, & Pickles, 1995). Ce modèle est appelé aujourd'hui bioécologique, puisque Bronfenbrenner a démontré l'importance de tenir compte des facteurs biologiques inhérents au processus d'évolution de la personne (Ceci & Hembrooke, 1995).…”

Section: Les Conséquences De L'incarcérationunclassified

Être parent d'un fils adulte détenu :

Magnan¹

2011

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RésuméLa déviance est un phénomène qui existe depuis toujours et l'emprisonnement a longtemps été la solution privilégiée afin de punir, dissuader ou réhabiliter les individus qui commettent des délits. Toutefois, la pertinence et l'efficacité de cette pratique sont aujourd'hui sévèrement remises en question. Plusieurs solutions de rechange à cette pratique sont donc proposées de nos jours, telles que les différentes mesures légales comme la permission de sortir préparatoire à la libération conditionnelle (SPLC), la libération conditionnelle, le sursis et la probation. Dans l'application de ces mesures, le partenariat avec les proches et les familles est notamment perçu comme une solution possible aux difficultés engendrées par le système carcéral. Les liens familiaux et conjugaux sont des facteurs pouvant favoriser la réussite de la réinsertion sociale, en plus de contribuer à la réduction de la récidive chez les délinquants.Malgré l'importance de plus en plus reconnue du rôle de soutien joué par la famille des détenus, la réalité des familles d'origine des délinquants demeure peu documentée et l'expérience des parents, leurs besoins et le soutien qu'ils apportent aux détenus constituent également des thèmes peu étudiés dans les écrits scientifiques. Pourtant, les études qui se sont penchées sur les conséquences d'une incarcération soulignent que le détenu est loin d'être la seule personne à purger sa sentence. En effet, les études réalisées à ce jour mentionnent que la conjointe, les enfants, les frères et soeurs ainsi que les parents du détenu sont susceptibles de vivre des conséquences importantes durant l'incarcération ainsi que lors de la réinsertion sociale.Les trois principaux objectifs de la présente recherche s'inscrivent donc dans ces préoccupations, en posant un regard sur l'expérience que peuvent vivre les parents d'un fils adulte en détention. Cette recherche vise, plus spécifiquement, à observer comment l'incarcération d'un fils entraîne des changements dans la vie de ses parents et, le cas échéant, à décrire la nature des changements observés, tant positifs que négatifs. L'expérience de ces parents y est explorée en fonction des dimensions personnelle, conjugale, familiale et sociale. De plus, le soutien y est abordé sous deux angles différents : le soutien fourni au fils détenu par ses parents ainsi que le soutien que les parents reçoivent, de façon formelle ou informelle, de la part des ressources qui les entourent.Afin de répondre aux objectifs de ce mémoire, le modèle bioécologique de Bronfenbrenner (1979) a été utilisé. L'expérience des parents interrogés a ainsi été appréhendée en fonction des six différents niveaux de systèmes de ce modèle, soit l'ontosystème, le microsystème, le mésosystème, l'exosystème, le macrosystème ainsi 11 que le chronosystème. Cette approche a permis de placer les répondants au centre de l'écosystème et de prendre en compte les différentes composantes influençant leur manière de vivre leur situation de parents de détenu.La présente étude est exploratoire de nature...

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Understanding individual differences in environmental-risk exposure.

Cited by 57 publications

References 13 publications

Proceeding From Observed Correlation to Causal Inference: The Use of Natural Experiments

Proceeding From Observed Correlation to Causal Inference: The Use of Natural Experiments

Nipping psychopathy in the bud: an examination of the convergent, predictive, and theoretical utility of the PCL‐YV among adolescent girls

Être parent d'un fils adulte détenu :

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