Understanding hurricane resistance and resilience in tropical dry forest trees: A functional traits approach

Paz, Horacio; Vega‐Ramos, Flor; Arreola-Villa, Felipe

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2018.03.052

Cited by 33 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In general, species with ‘faster’ life histories are able to rebound more quickly following disturbances, and thus are more common in areas with recent disturbances (Paz et al ., 2018). Associated tradeoffs mean that disturbances generally increase the relative abundance of tree species with fast life histories, which tend to have low wood densities and achieve low biomass (Carreno‐Rocabado et al ., 2012; Paz et al ., 2018). Lianas also proliferate after disturbances, and thus high disturbance frequency increases liana abundance (Schnitzer & Bongers, 2011).…”

Section: Disturbancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Disturbancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Disturbance also influences functional composition, as tropical tree species differ strongly in how they are affected by disturbances (Zimmerman et al ., 1994; Curran et al ., 2008; Slik et al ., 2010b; Paz et al ., 2018; Staver et al ., 2019). In general, species with ‘faster’ life histories are able to rebound more quickly following disturbances, and thus are more common in areas with recent disturbances (Paz et al ., 2018). Associated tradeoffs mean that disturbances generally increase the relative abundance of tree species with fast life histories, which tend to have low wood densities and achieve low biomass (Carreno‐Rocabado et al ., 2012; Paz et al ., 2018).…”

Section: Disturbancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Patterns and mechanisms of spatial variation in tropical forest productivity, woody residence time, and biomass

et al. 2020

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Summary Tropical forests vary widely in biomass carbon (C) stocks and fluxes even after controlling for forest age. A mechanistic understanding of this variation is critical to accurately predicting responses to global change. We review empirical studies of spatial variation in tropical forest biomass, productivity and woody residence time, focusing on mature forests. Woody productivity and biomass decrease from wet to dry forests and with elevation. Within lowland forests, productivity and biomass increase with temperature in wet forests, but decrease with temperature where water becomes limiting. Woody productivity increases with soil fertility, whereas residence time decreases, and biomass responses are variable, consistent with an overall unimodal relationship. Areas with higher disturbance rates and intensities have lower woody residence time and biomass. These environmental gradients all involve both direct effects of changing environments on forest C fluxes and shifts in functional composition – including changing abundances of lianas – that substantially mitigate or exacerbate direct effects. Biogeographic realms differ significantly and importantly in productivity and biomass, even after controlling for climate and biogeochemistry, further demonstrating the importance of plant species composition. Capturing these patterns in global vegetation models requires better mechanistic representation of water and nutrient limitation, plant compositional shifts and tree mortality.

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Section: Disturbancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Disturbancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Disturbancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Patterns and mechanisms of spatial variation in tropical forest productivity, woody residence time, and biomass

et al. 2020

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“…In cases where disturbance is not too severe, for example, when forests are logged manually or after hurricanes, the resprouting of the remaining plants might represent the main recovery mechanism of vegetation (Jimenez‐Rodríguez et al ; Paz et al ), which leads to the formation of multispecies assemblages (or the assemblages that were present before disturbance). In such cases, natural restoration might be recommended (Table ).…”

Section: Restoration Of Tropical Dry Forests After Different Extreme mentioning

confidence: 99%

Restoration ecology in the Anthropocene: learning from responses of tropical forests to extreme disturbance events

Álvarez‐Yépiz

2020

Restoration Ecology

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Extreme disturbance events denote another aspect of global environmental changes archetypal of the Anthropocene. These events of climatic or anthropic origin are challenging our perceived understanding about how forests respond to disturbance. I present a general framework of tropical forest responses to extreme disturbance events with specific examples from tropical dry forests. The linkage between level of disturbance severity and dominant mechanism of vegetation recovery is reflected on a variety of initial trajectories of forest succession. Accordingly, more realistic and cost‐effective restoration goals in many tropical forests likely consist in maintaining a mosaic of different successional trajectories while promoting landscape connectivity, rather than encouraging full‐ecosystem recovery to pre‐disturbance conditions. Incorporating extreme disturbance events into the global restoration ecology agenda will be essential to design well‐informed ecosystem management strategies in the coming decades.

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“…The current successes of hacking attacks suggest that it is impossible entirely to avoid and resist cyber attacks, so we should rather turn our attention to more equally balancing resistance and efforts to build resilience [100]. Such resilience denotes the ability to recover to pre-event levels of functioning after a disturbance [101,102].…”

Section: Question 5: How Could This Representation Be Questioned?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Moving from a ‘human-as-problem” to a ‘human-as-solution” cybersecurity mindset

Zimmermann

Renaud

2019

International Journal of Human-Computer Studies

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Cybersecurity has gained prominence, with a number of widely publicised security incidents, hacking attacks and data breaches reaching the news over the last few years. The escalation in the numbers of cyber incidents shows no sign of abating, and it seems appropriate to take a look at the way cybersecurity is conceptualised and to consider whether there is a need for a mindset change.To consider this question, we applied a "problematization" approach to assess current conceptualisations of the cybersecurity problem by government, industry and hackers. Our analysis revealed that individual human actors, in a variety of roles, are generally considered to be "a problem". We also discovered that deployed solutions primarily focus on preventing adverse events by building resistance: i.e. implementing new security layers and policies that control humans and constrain their problematic behaviours. In essence, this treats all humans in the system as if they might well be malicious actors, and the solutions are designed to prevent their ill-advised behaviours.Given the continuing incidences of data breaches and successful hacks, it seems wise to rethink the status quo approach, which we refer to as "Cybersecurity, Currently". In particular, we suggest that there is a need to reconsider the core assumptions and characterisations of the well-intentioned human's role in the cybersecurity socio-technical system. Treating everyone as a problem does not seem to work, given the current cyber security landscape.Benefiting from research in other fields, we propose a new mindset i.e. "Cybersecurity, Differently". This approach rests on recognition of the fact that the problem is actually the high complexity, interconnectedness and emergent qualities of socio-technical systems. The "differently" mindset acknowledges the well-intentioned human's ability to be an important contributor to organisational cybersecurity, as well as their potential to be "part of the solution" rather than "the problem". In essence, this new approach initially treats all humans in the system as if they are well-intentioned. The focus is on enhancing factors that contribute to positive outcomes and resilience. We conclude by proposing a set of key principles and, with the help of a prototypical fictional organisation, consider how this mindset could enhance and improve cybersecurity across the socio-technical system.

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Understanding hurricane resistance and resilience in tropical dry forest trees: A functional traits approach

Cited by 33 publications

References 42 publications

Patterns and mechanisms of spatial variation in tropical forest productivity, woody residence time, and biomass

Patterns and mechanisms of spatial variation in tropical forest productivity, woody residence time, and biomass

Restoration ecology in the Anthropocene: learning from responses of tropical forests to extreme disturbance events

Moving from a ‘human-as-problem” to a ‘human-as-solution” cybersecurity mindset

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