Understanding gestational surrogacy in the United States: a primer for obstetricians and gynecologists

Swanson, Kate; Ayala, Nina K.; Barnes, Randall B.; Desai, Nidhi; M, Miller; Yee, Lynn M.

doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.01.037

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In the surrogacy process, the genetic connection of at least one parent is important to recognize the child as genetically related to the couple. Providing genetic material by a surrogate mother causes many problems related to moral, psychological, and later legal aspects [1,13,14,16,[31][32][33]. That is why we insist on inadmissibility of involving genetic material of a surrogate mother.…”

Section: History Of Origin and Formation Of Surrogacymentioning

confidence: 99%

Surrogacy in Ukraine: theoretical and applied problem

Blikhar

Zharovska

Ortynska

2021

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The article analyzes the Ukrainian experience of carrying out the procedure of surrogacy. The modern world does not stand still constant progress in all spheres of human activity has given rise to a large number of new rights that have entered the fourth generation of human rights. Surrogacy belongs to the newest generation of human rights, despite the fact that it has a long history of its origin and development, which can be traced back to biblical texts, the laws of King Hammurabi and others. The use of another woman’s womb was acceptable for couples who could not conceive their own child. It clearly illustrates the existence of surrogacy, which has more than 3,800 years. The article analyzes the progressive development of modern technology of IVF, which has opened new opportunities for humanity in case of infertility to have biologically native children. The main problems that exist in the research institute, which are related to each participant of the procedure, are highlighted. The analysis of foreign judicial practice is carried out, which allows to form certain conclusions that will have practical application in domestic realities. The legal regulation of surrogacy is considered, the need to change the age requirement for a surrogate mother and the requirements for the presence of a native child for the future surrogate mother are emphasized. Today, this institution is of particular importance to humanity, as there are many cases of infertility among couples who want to have a child and surrogacy becomes the only chance for them to have a biologically native child. The urgency of the outlined topic is intensified due to the fact that Ukraine has become a real center of surrogacy due to the availability of the procedure and loyal legislation, which allows for an altruistic and commercial form of its conduct. However, the low level of regulation of surrogacy has had a negative impact at all stages of the procedure and needs immediate improvement in order to preserve the interests of each participant, but above all, the child born with this method of assisted reproductive technology. The importance of all the issues outlined is also intensified in connection with the coronavirus pandemic, which has brought many problems into the research institute.

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Section: History Of Origin and Formation Of Surrogacymentioning

confidence: 99%

Surrogacy in Ukraine: theoretical and applied problem

Blikhar

Zharovska

Ortynska

2021

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“…Gestational carrier pregnancies, wherein intended parents or a single intended parent contract with a woman to gestate their fetus, are becoming more frequent in the USA [1]. As of 2013, 2.5% of all in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles reported to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) involved a woman who is a gestational carrier, compared to1999, when 1% of IVF cycles involved a woman who is a gestational carrier [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many of these case series lack a control group, while others compare women who are gestational carriers to women who conceive via in vitro fertilization (IVF). But IVF may not be an appropriate control group, as women who require IVF due to underlying infertility or subfertility are likely quite different than women who are gestational carriers (who ideally should be healthy and parous), and their risks are likely quite different [1]. One single institution study compared outcomes of women who are gestational carriers to their own prior pregnancies and found increased risks of hypertensive disease of pregnancy [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Obstetric outcomes among gestational carrier and non-gestational carrier IVF pregnancies ICU intensive care unit, HELLP syndrome hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, aOR adjusted odds ratio1 Adjusted for age, nulliparity, chronic hypertension, substance use…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ICU intensive care unit, HELLP syndrome hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, aOR adjusted odds ratio1 Adjusted for age, nulliparity, tobacco 22.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Obstetric morbidity in gestational carrier pregnancies: a population-based study

Swanson

Letourneau

Kuppermann

et al. 2020

J Assist Reprod Genet

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Purpose We sought to characterize severe obstetric morbidity among women who are gestational carriers compared to other patients. Methods This was a population-based study comparing gestational carrier pregnancies to non-surrogate pregnancies (nonsurrogate IVF pregnancies, all non-gestational carrier pregnancies, and a cohort of matched controls) delivering in Utah between 2009 and 2018, using birth certificate data. Our primary outcome was a composite of severe morbidity, including death, ICU admission, eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, transfusion, and unplanned hysterectomy. Our secondary outcomes were cesarean delivery (CD) and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.Results During the study period, 361 gestational carrier pregnancies and 509,015 other pregnancies resulted in live births. Severe morbidity was less common among gestational carrier pregnancies than IVF pregnancies (1.7% versus 5.5%, odds ratio [OR] 0.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.12-0.70), but was not different when compared to all other pregnancies (1.0%, OR 1.61, 95% CI 0.72-3.60), or a cohort of matched controls (1.0%, OR 1.37, 95% CI 0.55-3.40). CD was less common among gestational carrier pregnancies than IVF pregnancies, but not different than all other pregnancies or matched controls. While frequency of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy was lower among gestational carrier pregnancies than IVF pregnancies, it was higher than all other women who delivered and comparable to matched controls. Conclusion Severe obstetric morbidity is uncommon among gestational carrier pregnancies. Women who are gestational carriers are at lower risk of morbidity and CD than others who conceive through IVF and do not appear to be at increased risk compared to matched controls.

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Third-Party Reproduction

Quaas

2022

Clinical Reproductive Medicine and Surgery

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Understanding gestational surrogacy in the United States: a primer for obstetricians and gynecologists

Cited by 18 publications

References 16 publications

Surrogacy in Ukraine: theoretical and applied problem

Surrogacy in Ukraine: theoretical and applied problem

Obstetric morbidity in gestational carrier pregnancies: a population-based study

Third-Party Reproduction

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