Understanding Gang Joining from a Cross Classified Multi-Level Perspective

Nuño, Lidia E.; Katz, Charles M.

doi:10.1080/01639625.2017.1421706

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…Finally, no significant association was found between the percent male and the percent youth, and gang membership. Although somewhat contrary to our expectations, past research has also found age to be unrelated to gang membership (Nuño & Katz, 2019). In his book on gangs in New Zealand, Gilbert (2013) highlights that gang members in the country are more often older which does differ from past literature (Goldstein, 1991; Spergel et al, 1994) although, as previously mentioned, the age-profile of gang members in New Zealand is changing.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 99%

Gang Membership and Gang Crime in New Zealand: A National Study Identifying Spatial Risk Factors

Breetzke

Curtis‐Ham²,

Gilbert

et al. 2021

Criminal Justice and Behavior

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In this exploratory study, we identify the spatial risk factors associated with gang membership and gang crime in New Zealand using social disorganization as a theoretical framework. Gang membership data from the Gang Intelligence Center and gang crime data from New Zealand Police are included in spatial regression models to identify risk factors. Overall marginal support was found for the use of social disorganization constructs to explain gang membership and gang crime in New Zealand. Higher deprivation and higher diversity were both found to be associated with gang membership and gang crime, respectively. Some similarities and notable differences were observed between our results and the mainly U.S.-centric results of past spatial gang research. This study allows for a greater understanding of the generalizability of the social disorganization theory to explain gang membership and gang crime in areas with markedly different cultural perspectives and ethnocentricities to the United States.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 99%

Gang Membership and Gang Crime in New Zealand: A National Study Identifying Spatial Risk Factors

Breetzke

Curtis‐Ham²,

Gilbert

et al. 2021

Criminal Justice and Behavior

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show abstract

“…Thus, the findings cannot be attributed to all youth, or even youth from outside the state under study. Secondly, the data did not include other potentially important risk factors such as community disadvantage or violence which have been shown to increase the probability of joining a gang (Nuño & Katz, 2018). Relatedly, the current data do not allow for us to parse out potential genetic influences given the lack of family or sibling indicators (Connolly & Kavish, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given recent findings related to protective factors such as a prosocial environment and prosocial involvement, we include a number of related measures in the current analysis (Nuño & Katz, 2018). The youth’s current participation in structured activities assessed whether the youth participates in structured and supervised prosocial community activities such as athletics, clubs, or religious groups.…”

Section: Potential Mediator: Difficult Temperamentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Gang Involvement Among Juvenile Offenders: Assessing the Mediation Effects of Substance Use and Temperament Deficits

Wolff

Baglivio

Klein

et al. 2019

Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice

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A growing body of research has demonstrated the deleterious effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Less understood is the role of ACEs in gang involvement among juvenile offenders. The current longitudinal study employs a sample of 104,267 juvenile offenders (mean age of 16, 76% male, 46% Black non-Hispanic, 15.7% Hispanic) to examine the effect of ACE exposure on two different measures of gang involvement by age 18. We use structural equation modeling to test whether higher ACE exposure at Time 1 predicts gang involvement and whether current substance use and/or difficult temperament mediates the ACE-gang involvement relationship. Results indicate ACE exposure at Time 1 predicts gang involvement by age 18, but that much of the effect of ACEs on later gang involvement can be explained by their impact on current substance abuse and difficult temperament. Implications for juvenile justice systems are discussed.

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“…Unlike a fully hierarchical three-level structure where officers would only initiate stops within one district (thus, nesting stops within officers within a district), these data are cross-classified, meaning there are two simultaneous two-level nesting structures. The appropriate analytic strategy for these data is a multilevel cross-classified model (see, e.g., Nuño and Katz 2018).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Another Piece of the Puzzle: The Importance of Officer Characteristics and Group Processes in Understanding Post-stop Outcomes

Tillyer

Smith

Lloyd

2019

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency

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Objectives: Investigate the potential relationship between officer characteristics and poststop outcomes during police–citizen encounters. Methods: Data on police-initiated contacts were drawn from a large, racially/ethnically mixed urban environment. Cross-classified, multilevel models were estimated to identify correlates of five poststop outcomes. Results: Officer gender, race/ethnicity, and length of service exerted a direct and/or moderating effect on the likelihood of a traffic citation, criminal citation, and a search. Conclusions: Officer characteristics are a key, yet understudied, component to understanding the complexities of police officer decision-making in police–citizen encounters. The results indicate a noticeable component of the variation in poststop outcomes rests at the officer level thereby substantiating the continued exploration of these relationships. Moreover, the moderating effect of officer characteristics on the relationship between minority citizens and poststop outcomes presents new potential directions for expanding the social conditioning model and offers evidence regarding the in-group versus out-group perspectives within the context of police–citizen interactions. Limitations include omitted variable bias and inexact measurement of some variables.

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Understanding Gang Joining from a Cross Classified Multi-Level Perspective

Cited by 9 publications

References 90 publications

Gang Membership and Gang Crime in New Zealand: A National Study Identifying Spatial Risk Factors

Gang Membership and Gang Crime in New Zealand: A National Study Identifying Spatial Risk Factors

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Gang Involvement Among Juvenile Offenders: Assessing the Mediation Effects of Substance Use and Temperament Deficits

Another Piece of the Puzzle: The Importance of Officer Characteristics and Group Processes in Understanding Post-stop Outcomes

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