Understanding Fundamentals and Reaction Mechanisms of Electrode Materials for Na‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

Development of efficient, affordable, and sustainable energy storage technologies has become an area of interest due to the worsening environmental issues and rising technological dependence on Li-ion batteries. Na-ion batteries (NIBs) have been receiving intensive research efforts during the last few years. Owing to their potentially low cost and relatively high energy density, NIBs are promising energy storage devices, especially for stationary applications. A fundamental understanding of electrode properties during electrochemical reactions is important for the development of low cost, high-energy density, and long shelf life NIBs. This Review aims to summarize and discuss reaction mechanisms of the major types of NIB electrode materials reported. By appreciating how the material works and the fundamental flaws it possesses, it is hoped that this Review will assist readers in coming up with innovative solutions for designing better materials for NIBs.

Advantageous Functional Integration of Adsorption‐Intercalation‐Conversion Hybrid Mechanisms in 3D Flexible Nb2O5@Hard Carbon@MoS2@Soft Carbon Fiber Paper Anodes for Ultrafast and Super‐Stable Sodium Storage

“…They have their respective advantages and disadvantages. Alloy‐type and conversion‐type anode materials show a high specific capacity but a dissatisfactory cycling stability; while intercalation‐type and adsorption‐type anodes deliver the lower specific capacity, but providing the other superiorities such as low volume expansion and superior cycling stability . How to combine the advantages of various type anodes to design high power, high energy, long cycling SIBs is still a key and challenging point at the moment.…”

Effect of Crystal Structure and Morphology on Na3V2(PO4)2F3 Performances for Na‐Ion Batteries

“…Sodium ion batteries (SIB), however, possess a less negative standard reduction potential for the Na + aq /Na (‐2.7 V vs SHE) as compared to Li + aq /Li (‐3.04 V vs SHE), larger ionic radius for Na + (1.07 Å) as compared to Li + (0.76 Å), which cause long term structural instability, lower gravimetric capacity, lower energy density and slow ion diffusivity (due to sluggish sodium mobility) . In order to optimize SIB performances and to overcome part of these challenges, the scientific community focused on design of new electrode materials (EMs) and precise controlled architecture of EMs . These EMs were engineered to facilitate highly reversible sodiation/desodiation with high kinetics and energy density.…”

Simultaneous Component Ratio and Particle Size Optimization for High‐Performance and High Tap Density P2/P3 Composite Cathode of Sodium‐Ion Batteries

“…Nowadays, with the rapid progress and wide application of renewable energy, the limited availability and unevenly distributed lithium resources cannot meet the uninterruptedly growing market requirements for large‐scale energy storage systems (ESSs) . Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) with the advantages of low‐cost, environmental friendliness and abundant crustal resources, are considered a promising candidate in ESSs .…”