Understanding Fibroblast Heterogeneity in Form and Function

Abstract

Historically believed to be a homogeneous cell type that is often overlooked, fibroblasts are more and more understood to be heterogeneous in nature. Though the mechanisms behind how fibroblasts participate in homeostasis and pathology are just beginning to be understood, these cells are believed to be highly dynamic and play key roles in fibrosis and remodeling. Focusing primarily on fibroblasts within the skin and during wound healing, we describe the field’s current understanding of fibroblast heterogeneity in form and function. From differences due to embryonic origins to anatomical variations, we explore the diverse contributions that fibroblasts have in fibrosis and plasticity. Following this, we describe molecular techniques used in the field to provide deeper insights into subpopulations of fibroblasts and their varied roles in complex processes such as wound healing. Limitations to current work are also discussed, with a focus on future directions that investigators are recommended to take in order to gain a deeper understanding of fibroblast biology and to develop potential targets for translational applications in a clinical setting.

Understanding Tendon Fibroblast Biology and Heterogeneity

“…It has been well described that after injury, tendons undergo three overlapping stages of healing: inflammatory, fibroblastic/proliferative, and remodeling (Figure 1) [14,15]. These stages mirror the stages of wound healing in the skin [16]. The inflammatory phase typically lasts from days 1 to 7 and involves the migration of immune cells, erythrocytes, platelets, and fibroblasts into the injury (Table 2).…”