Understanding extracellular vesicle and nanoparticle heterogeneity: Novel methods and considerations

Phillips, William D.; Willms, Eduard; Hill, Andrew

doi:10.1002/pmic.202000118

Cited by 51 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 158 publications

(293 reference statements)

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“…Particularly, the incapacity to differentiate different EVs subsets is a common disadvantage of most available methods. Newer techniques, such as asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4), have been shown to enable the differentiation between different EVs populations up to 1 nm increments [ 48 , 49 ], albeit low yield and high costs may hinder their implementation [ 50 ].…”

Section: Milk-derived Exosomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beneficial Effects of Bovine Milk Exosomes in Metabolic Interorgan Cross-Talk

et al. 2022

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Extracellular vesicles are membrane-enclosed secreted vesicles involved in cell-to-cell communication processes, identified in virtually all body fluids. Among extracellular vesicles, exosomes have gained increasing attention in recent years as they have unique biological origins and deliver different cargos, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, which might mediate various health processes. In particular, milk-derived exosomes are proposed as bioactive compounds of breast milk, which have been reported to resist gastric digestion and reach systemic circulation, thus being bioavailable after oral intake. In the present manuscript, we critically discuss the available evidence on the health benefits attributed to milk exosomes, and we provide an outlook for the potential future uses of these compounds. The use of milk exosomes as bioactive ingredients represents a novel avenue to explore in the context of human nutrition, and they might exert important beneficial effects at multiple levels, including but not limited to intestinal health, bone and muscle metabolism, immunity, modulation of the microbiota, growth, and development.

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Section: Milk-derived Exosomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beneficial Effects of Bovine Milk Exosomes in Metabolic Interorgan Cross-Talk

et al. 2022

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“…As commonly accepted, EVs’ heterogeneity in term of subtypes is far beyond the classical classification by size or biogenesis and the difficulty to discriminate them within a whole biological sample represents a limit in analyzing their protein cargoes, how these change across the subpopulations and how these associate with a pathogenic process [ 50 ]. In the recent years, there have been various attempts to comparatively analyze the protein cargo of different EVs populations, often comparing small-EVs (s-EVs) and large-EVs (l-EVs).…”

Section: Extracellular Vesicle As Resourceful Biological Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Omics Integrative Approach of Extracellular Vesicles: A Future Challenging Milestone

et al. 2022

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In the era of multi-omic sciences, dogma on singular cause-effect in physio-pathological processes is overcome and system biology approaches have been providing new perspectives to see through. In this context, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are offering a new level of complexity, given their role in cellular communication and their activity as mediators of specific signals to target cells or tissues. Indeed, their heterogeneity in terms of content, function, origin and potentiality contribute to the cross-interaction of almost every molecular process occurring in a complex system. Such features make EVs proper biological systems being, therefore, optimal targets of omic sciences. Currently, most studies focus on dissecting EVs content in order to either characterize it or to explore its role in various pathogenic processes at transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic, lipidomic and genomic levels. Despite valuable results being provided by individual omic studies, the categorization of EVs biological data might represent a limit to be overcome. For this reason, a multi-omic integrative approach might contribute to explore EVs function, their tissue-specific origin and their potentiality. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art of EVs omic studies, addressing recent research on the integration of EVs multi-level biological data and challenging developments in EVs origin.

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“…EVs are extensively studied for their role in cell-to-cell communication and their ability to deliver their cargos from donor to recipient cells [ 11 ]. Exosomes and microvesicles are the most commonly cited EV subtypes [ 12 ]. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV 2018) [ 13 ] recommends classifying EVs by their physical characteristics (size or density), small EVs referring to particles smaller than 200 nm and medium/large EVs being larger than 200 nm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Assessment of Purification and Analytical Technologies for Enveloped Viral Vector and Vaccine Processing and Their Current Limitations in Resolving Co-Expressed Extracellular Vesicles

Minh

Kamen

2021

Vaccines

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Viral vectors and viral vaccines are invaluable tools in prevention and treatment of diseases. Many infectious diseases are controlled using vaccines designed from subunits or whole viral structures, whereas other genetic diseases and cancers are being treated by viruses used as vehicles for delivering genetic material in gene therapy or as therapeutic agents in virotherapy protocols. Viral vectors and vaccines are produced in different platforms, from traditional embryonated chicken eggs to more advanced cell cultures. All these expression systems, like most cells and cellular tissues, are known to spontaneously release extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs share similar sizes, biophysical characteristics and even biogenesis pathways with enveloped viruses, which are currently used as key ingredients in a number of viral vectors and licensed vaccine products. Herein, we review distinctive features and similarities between EVs and enveloped viruses as we revisit the downstream processing steps and analytical technologies currently implemented to produce and document viral vector and vaccine products. Within a context of well-established viral vector and vaccine safety profiles, this review provides insights on the likely presence of EVs in the final formulation of enveloped virus products and discusses the potential to further resolve and document these components.

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Understanding extracellular vesicle and nanoparticle heterogeneity: Novel methods and considerations

Cited by 51 publications

References 158 publications

Beneficial Effects of Bovine Milk Exosomes in Metabolic Interorgan Cross-Talk

Beneficial Effects of Bovine Milk Exosomes in Metabolic Interorgan Cross-Talk

Multi-Omics Integrative Approach of Extracellular Vesicles: A Future Challenging Milestone

Critical Assessment of Purification and Analytical Technologies for Enveloped Viral Vector and Vaccine Processing and Their Current Limitations in Resolving Co-Expressed Extracellular Vesicles

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