Understanding Expectancy-Value Theory’s Cost Construct via Multidimensional Scaling

Abstract

This study explored educational cost using a multidimensional scaling approach. Undergraduates rated how similar 11 items on task value and cost were with one another. Results show that cost has two dimensions, each consisting of two clusters. In one dimension, cost is separated from task value components; in the other, cost is clustered with task value components. Findings imply nuances of cost in the context of goal theory, motivation, and emotion.