Understanding Ethnic/Racial Health Disparities in Youth and Families in the US

Carlo, Gustavo; Crockett, Lisa J.; Carranza, Miguel A.; Martinez, Miriam M.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7092-3_1

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Interventions to increase social support and foster integration among workers themselves or between workers and communities could be beneficial. Additionally, because Latinos value family and communal ties [ 37 ], facilitating the development and maintenance of strong transnational ties with family and friends in the worker’s country of origin may also be beneficial.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stress, Depression, and Occupational Injury among Migrant Farmworkers in Nebraska

Ramos

Carlo

Grant

et al. 2016

Safety

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Agriculture is one of the most dangerous industries in the United States. Farmworkers, including migrant farmworkers, are at risk for work-related injuries. This study explores the association between stress, depression, and occupational injury among migrant farmworkers in Nebraska. Occupational injury was hypothesized to significantly increase the odds of farmworkers being stressed and depressed. Two hundred migrant farmworkers (mean age = 33.5 years, standard deviation (SD) = 12.53; 93.0% men, 92.9% of Mexican descent) were interviewed. In bivariate analyses, results indicated that stress and depression were positively associated with occupational injury. Two logistic regression models were developed. Occupational injury was a significant factor for depression, but not for stress. Participants who had been injured on the job were over seven times more likely to be depressed. These results highlight the interconnection between the work environment and mental health. More must be done to foster well-being in rural, agricultural communities. Improving occupational health and safety information and training, integrating behavioral health services into primary care settings, and strengthening the protections of the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act may improve conditions for migrant farmworkers in the rural Midwest.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unfortunately, rural communities are disproportionately underserved [ 28 , 37 ]. Strengthening the healthcare professional pipeline and ensuring that rural communities have access to behavioral health professionals is important.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress, Depression, and Occupational Injury among Migrant Farmworkers in Nebraska

Ramos

Carlo

Grant

et al. 2016

Safety

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“…As ethnicity overlaps with SES indicators (e.g., parental educational attainment) [30,31] and as parental educational attainment has a strong protective influence on academic achievement of youth, researchers have been interested in decomposing the contribution of ethnicity from SES (e.g., parental educational attainment) in explaining ethnic differences in academic achievement [32][33][34]. The results of this line of research are, however, conflicting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical Performance of American Youth: Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment of Asian-American Parents

et al. 2020

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The Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDR) phenomenon refers to the weaker effects of parental educational attainment for marginalized groups, particularly ethnic minorities. This literature, however, is limited to Blacks and Hispanics; thus, it is not clear if the MDR phenomenon also applies to the educational performance of Asian Americans or not. To explore ethnic differences in the association between parental educational attainment and youth mathematical performance among 10th-grade American high schoolers, this cross-sectional study used baseline data from the Education Longitudinal Study, a national survey of 10th-grade American youth. The analytical sample included a total number of 10,142 youth composed of 1460 (14.4%) Asian-American and 8682 (85.6%) non-Hispanic youth. The dependent variable was youth math performance (standard test score). The independent variable was parental education. Gender, both parents living in the same household, and school characteristics (% students receiving free lunch, urban school, and public school) were the covariates. Ethnicity was the moderating variable. Linear regression was used for data analysis. Overall, parental educational attainment was positively associated with math ability (test score). We observed a statistically significant interaction between ethnicity (Asian American) and parental education attainment on the results of math test scores, indicating that the boosting effect of high parental educational attainment on youth math function is smaller for Asian-American youth than for Non-Hispanic White youth. While high parental educational attainment contributes to youth educational outcomes, this association is weaker for Asian-American youth than non-Hispanic White youth. Diminished returns (weaker effects of parental education in generating outcomes for ethnic minorities) that are previously shown for Hispanics and Blacks also apply to Asian Americans.

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“…The mechanisms by which marginalized youth report worse educational and developmental outcomes have not been well understood. Racial/ethnic minority and low SES (e.g., parental education) individuals are particularly at risk of poor school performance (Carlo et al, 2011;Butler, 2017). Although researchers have attempted to decompose the effects of race/ethnicity and SES to social and developmental inequalities (Lau et al, 2012;Rossen and Schoendorf, 2012;Jones, 2018), these attempts have not generated conclusive results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the proposed mechanisms for worse developmental and educational outcomes in marginalized youth is exposure to high levels of adversity and low level of SES resources in impoverished low-quality neighborhoods (Carlo et al, 2011;Butler, 2017). In this view, place should be seen as an explanatory mechanism for why socially marginalized youth develop suboptimal outcomes (Assari and Lankarani, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Place-Based Diminished Returns of Parental Educational Attainment on School Performance of Non-Hispanic White Youth

et al. 2020

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Background: Youth educational outcomes are a function of a wide range of factors including parental education level. This effect, however, is shown to be smaller for African American, Hispanic, and Asian American youth, a pattern called Marginalizationrelated Diminished Returns (MDRs). It is, however, unknown if it is race/ethnicity or other conditions associated with race/ethnicity (e.g., poor neighborhood quality) which reduces the marginal returns of parental education for youth. Aim: To explore whether MDRs are only due to race/ethnicity or if they also remain for non-Hispanic Whites in poor neighborhoods, we compared the association between parental education level and adolescents' school performance based on neighborhood quality in a nationally representative sample of non-Hispanic Whites in the United States. Methods: This cross-sectional study used wave 1 of the Add Health study, an ongoing nationally representative cohort, 1994-2019. Participants included 849 non-Hispanic White adolescents between the ages of 12 and 21 years and their parents. The independent variable was parental education level, which was treated as a continuous measure. Age, grade, gender, and parental marital status were the covariates. The dependent variable was school performance (sum of school grades in Math, English, History, and Science). Linear regression models were used for data analysis. Results: Overall, worse neighborhood quality was associated with worse school performance. Parental education level, however, was not directly associated with youth school performance. We found a statistically significant interaction between parental education level and neighborhood quality suggesting that the strength of the association between parental education and youth school performance weakens as neighborhood quality declines.

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Understanding Ethnic/Racial Health Disparities in Youth and Families in the US

Cited by 8 publications

References 9 publications

Stress, Depression, and Occupational Injury among Migrant Farmworkers in Nebraska

Stress, Depression, and Occupational Injury among Migrant Farmworkers in Nebraska

Mathematical Performance of American Youth: Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment of Asian-American Parents

Place-Based Diminished Returns of Parental Educational Attainment on School Performance of Non-Hispanic White Youth

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